ࡱ> 7 ybjbjUU  7|7|YSl<<<|X```t΂| fh2.j:-A eeeeeee${g ibe`Mѓ"MMe#eMP8`eMeOH`#& ph#2yR>8#Ae0fv!8ii#A comparison of existing graded aerobic exercise programmes for patients diagnosed with the fibromyalgia syndrome  Research report Fontys University of Professional Education, Eindhoven, Department of Physiotherapy June 2003 Authors: Marte Marie Haug Kathrine Ndland Randi Andersland Riise Sophie Elspeth Steenstrup Supervisors: Ineke Smits, General supervisor Eveline Wouters, Methodological supervisor FOREWORD The four group members writing this project are Norwegian citizens. We attended at least one of our two clinical affiliation periods in Norway. During our clinical affiliation periods we all met patients diagnosed with the fibromyalgia syndrome. It is a common opinion among physiotherapists that the fibromyalgia syndrome is a difficult condition to manage. Due to the lack of a clear aetiology, health care workers may find it difficult to give fibromyalgia patients the best treatment option. The fibromyalgia patients in Norway do not receive free medical care and therefore have to pay for the treatment themselves, which means high medical costs. We hoped to find evidence based literature that proves the benefits of a graded aerobic exercise programme. We expected that this literature would support our view that patients are not necessarily dependent on a physiotherapist to perform a regular graded aerobic exercise programme. However, we thought fibromyalgia patients would need regular encouragement and follow-up appointments with a physiotherapist to make sure they comply with the programme. This approach is relatively inexpensive and will hopefully increase the Quality of Life for the patients. By conducting this graduation project we wanted to give our future colleagues guidelines concerning the treatment approach of fibromyalgia patients. We would like to ensure an inexpensive and effective treatment for fibromyalgia patients. We would like to thank Ineke Smits and Eveline Wouters for their professional supervision provided during the making of this report. We are immensely thankful to Hans Jrgen Lundby for providing professional computer expertise. Furthermore we would like to thank Dr. Hkon Dalen for providing informative literature. Two of us met him during the clinical affiliation period at Beitostlen Helsesportsenter, Norway. Marte Marie Haug Kathrine Ndland Randi Andersland Riise Sophie Elspeth Steenstrup Eindhoven 26.05.2003 Cover: Tender point locations according to the American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia (The Three Graces, after Baron Jean-Baptiste Regnault, 1793, Louvre Museum, Paris). SUMMARY Main question: The main question of this project was: Which treatment programmes of graded aerobic exercise result in improved Quality of Life in patients diagnosed with the fibromyalgia syndrome based on evidence based literature? Background: The fibromyalgia syndrome is one of the many chronic musculoskeletal disorders seen today. In Norway the number of patients receiving the diagnosis of fibromyalgia is growing Patients with fibromyalgia often have a reduced Quality of Life (QoL). It is thought that this can be a reason for why they no longer are able to work. Not being able to work can also result in a reduced QoL. In Norway fibromyalgia patients have to pay for the treatment themselves. As the condition is chronic this means high treatment costs for the patient. The aim of this report was to find which existing graded aerobic exercise programmes proved to be beneficial for improving the QoL in patients diagnosed with the fibromyalgia syndrome. The attention was also drawn towards finding treatment programmes that were cost-effective for fibromyalgia patients. Method: PubMed, Doconline, Cochrane Library and the Picarta databases were searched. Full text articles were located and cross-reference checking was done, resulting in additional fulltext articles. Articles were then analysed according to in- and exclusion criteria stated in the project plan (appendix 1). Articles fulfilling these criteria were analysed for methodological quality using the PEDro scale. Finally relevant data was extracted from the included articles, according to a self-designed data extraction checklist. A description of the characteristics of the graded aerobic exercise programmes was presented. Based on contradictory findings between programmes a comparison was conducted regarding the effects on QoL. These effects on QoL were found by comparing scores of six QoL questionnaires. Results: Seventy-five percent of programmes including a combination of land-based exercise and hydrotherapy and of programmes including patient education achieved improved QoL. Sixty percent of programmes containing several activities and fifty-seven percent of exercise programmes including hydrotherapy achieved significant effects on QoL. Fifty percent of long-term programmes and of programmes including home exercises had effects. Supervised exercise programmes performed in groups resulted in improved QoL. An unsupervised individual exercise programme resulted in no improvements in QoL. Conclusion: If patients comply with the treatment plan, graded aerobic exercise seems to be beneficial in improving QoL, as long as the programme has certain characteristics. Most significant effects on QoL were found in programmes with education, in several activity type programmes and in programmes including hydrotherapy. Especially the combination of hydrotherapy and land-based exercise was beneficial. Long-term programmes and programmes including home exercise also had significant effects. Programmes with supervision and programmes performed in groups had beneficial effects on QoL. There was a problem of a high drop out rate in all the included exercise programmes. Supervision of the exercise programmes and exercising in groups was found to stimulate compliance. A graded aerobic exercise programme may contribute to reduce the costs of physiotherapy treatment for fibromyalgia patients. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION p. 1 CHAPTER 1: FIBROMYALGIA; ITS REALTIONSHIP WITH QUALITY OF LIFE AND EVIDENCE BASED GRADED AEROBIC EXERCISE PROGRAMMES History of the fibromyalgia syndrome p. 2 Brief description of the fibromyalgia syndrome p. 2 1.3. Diagnosing fibromyalgia p. 3 1.4. The relationship between fibromyalgia and Quality of Life p. 5 1.5. Measurement of Quality of Life for patients with fibromyalgia p. 7 1.6. Definition of aerobic exercise and graded aerobic exercise p. 12 Assessing methodological quality of clinical trials p. 13 CHAPTER 2: METHOD 2.0. Introduction p. 15 2.1. Literature search p. 15 2.2. In- and exclusion criteria p. 16 2.3. Methodological quality assessment p. 17 2.4. Data extraction p. 17 2.5. Analysing and presenting results p. 18 2.6. Interpreting results p. 18 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS 3.0. Introduction p. 20 3.1. Description of selected studies p. 20 3.2. Methodological quality of included studies p. 23 3.3. Description of the patient population and the Quality of Life measurements tools p. 23 3.4. Description of graded aerobic exercise programmes p. 25 3.5. Comparison of graded aerobic exercise programmes regarding effects p. 33 on Quality of Life CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 4.0. Introduction p. 38 4.1. Interpreting the results p. 39 4.2. Conclusion p. 44 4.3. Limitations and Recommendations p. 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY p. 49 APPENDICES p. 52 Appendix 1: Project plan p. 53 Appendix 2: PEDro scale p. 68 Appendix 3: Search strategy p. 72 Appendix 4: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire p. 74 INTRODUCTION This report is a graduation project made by physiotherapy students at Fontys University of Professional Education in Eindhoven, Department of Physiotherapy. The fibromyalgia syndrome is one of the many chronic musculoskeletal disorders seen today. The number of Norwegian people being diagnosed with this syndrome is growing. Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the main causes of the rise in people receiving work benefit or on sick leave (12). Consequently this patient group plays a role in increasing the costs of living for society. For this reason health care workers, politicians and researchers are focusing more attention towards the fibromyalgia syndrome. The Norwegian fibromyalgia patients have to pay for physiotherapy treatment themselves (13). The physiotherapy for fibromyalgia patients, as with other chronic disorders, is of a long duration. This means that the costs covered by the Norwegian fibromyalgia patients are high. Quality of Life (QoL) is a widely used term to describe the feeling of life satisfaction or feeling of well being in patients with fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia patients are often presented with reduced QoL (14). QoL was therefore chosen to be the outcome of this project. Because of the growing number of people diagnosed with fibromyalgia many physiotherapists will deal with these patients. Recent developments in the field of physiotherapy, point towards an active rather than a passive treatment approach. An active treatment approach means that the patient her/him self performs an exercise or an exercise programme. This approach entitles the patient to be independent of the physiotherapist and be responsible for her/his own treatment. For fibromyalgia patients it is important to build up the exercises gradually. This means that the exercise begins at a low level and increases very slowly in intensity. Recent research shows that graded aerobic exercises have beneficial effects on fibromyalgia patients (15), and many exercise programmes are therefore based on this principle. In recent years, extensive research on the subject of graded aerobic exercises as a physiotherapy intervention for fibromyalgia patients, have been conducted. For this reason there are a great number of treatment suggestions and programmes concerning graded aerobic exercises. It is not known how many of these are evidence based, what the differences are between them, or which programmes show outcome measures in QoL. The main question of this project was: Which treatment programmes of graded aerobic exercise result in improved Quality of Life for patients diagnosed with the fibromyalgia syndrome based on evidence based literature? In order to answer the main question six sub-questions were established. These are described in the project plan (appendix 1). Working definitions were used in order to answer the main question. These are: Aerobic exercise; Graded aerobic exercise; Evidence based literature; Exercise programme; Fibromyalgia; Quality of Life and Quality of Life questionnaire. Chapter 1 provides general information about fibromyalgia, QoL, different QoL measurement tools and a description of assessing methodological quality. The process of searching and including literature is described. The graded aerobic exercise programmes found in the included articles are presented and compared. Then the results are interpreted and a conclusion is drawn. Limitations that occurred during the process of conducting this project are mentioned. Finally, suggestions for further practice and future research are recommended. CHAPTER 1: FIBROMYALGIA; ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH QUALITY OF LIFE AND EVIDENCE BASED GRADED AEROBIC EXERCISE PROGRAMMES In order to answer the main question of this project and be able to understand the structure of this project, some important elements need to be described. First, the history of fibromyalgia and the relationship between fibromyalgia and QoL will be described. Further, the measurement tools of QoL will be described and a definition of aerobic and graded aerobic exercises will be given. An explanation of how to measure QoL is given. Finally, a description of how to use the PEDro scale for assessing the methodological quality of clinical trials is provided. This chapter will explain relevant knowledge currently available in literature related to the main question. 1.1. History of the fibromyalgia syndrome The aetiology of the fibromyalgia syndrome is unknown. Before 1976 fibromyalgia was often referred to as nonarticular rheumatism, as opposed to rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, which are articular. Fibromyalgia was also referred to as psychogenic rheumatism due to the lack of an objective diagnosis (16). The fibromyalgia syndrome was first recognised as a clinical syndrome in 1972 (17). In 1976 the term fibromyalgia (algia meaning pain in fibrous tissue) was introduced to replace the prior misnomer of fibrosis from 1904. This term was based on an assumed, but unsubstantiated, inflammation of fibrous tissue (16). In recent years the fibromyalgia syndrome has received growing attention from rheumatologists and other health care workers, such as physiotherapists. The aetiology of the fibromyalgia syndrome is still unknown, but some theories concerning the aetiology have been developed. Until recently, medical doctors did not believe the pain associated with fibromyalgia was real. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans have been used to provide objective proof that fibromyalgia pain is real. In fibromyalgia, sensory messages to the brain are thought to be intensified compared to healthy subjects, which means that the pain perception is more rapid and pain responses are more sensitive. Other researchers have now pinpointed that genetic variations may play a role in the development of fibromyalgia. Recent tests suggest that people who develop the fibromyalgia syndrome start with a genetic predisposition. The syndrome runs in families, and researchers have identified at least one gene that appears to be involved. Lifestyle and temperament are also believed to have an influence on the development of the fibromyalgia syndrome (18). Recent research has shown that patients with fibromyalgia find physiotherapy helpful (17). Physiotherapy for fibromyalgia patients often incorporates both physical and psychological approaches, due to the complexity of the fibromyalgia syndrome. The worldwide prevalence of this chronic condition, which mainly affects women, is about 2%. In Norway the prevalence is greatest between the ages twenty-five to fifty-five (15). Among the patients diagnosed, ninety percent are women (47). In a Norwegian female population aged twenty to forty-nine years, ten percent fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1990 criteria for the classification of the fibromyalgia syndrome (19). The ACR criteria are described in section 1.3. 1.2. Brief description of the fibromyalgia syndrome The fibromyalgia syndrome is a chronic pain disorder of unknown aetiology characterised by chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, bilateral tender points and poor quality of sleep. The pain associated with the fibromyalgia syndrome is considered to originate from non-or periarticular structures (17). The fibromyalgia syndrome may be either primary or secondary (17). The primary form of fibromyalgia deals with generalised symptoms only (17). Refer to section 1.2.1. for a description of symptoms. Secondary fibromyalgia is the consequence of another condition: this may be a pre- existing disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or hypothyroidism (in which case secondary fibromyalgia is generalised), or some form of previous trauma or physical stress (in which case secondary fibromyalgia is usually regional). Although secondary fibromyalgia may follow the onset of these pre- existing conditions, it has yet to be established that there is a cause-effect relationship. Although it is understood that primary and secondary forms of fibromyalgia exist this project will not distinguish between the two. Most current literature regarding clinical trials of fibromyalgia patients does not distinguish between primary and secondary forms of fibromyalgia. However, many clinical trials exclude patients from participating if they suffer from articular symptoms. Authors commonly use a common diagnosis of fibromyalgia according to the ACR 1990 criteria. The ACR 1990 criteria are described in section 1.3. 1.2.1. Common symptoms of the fibromyalgia syndrome Fibromyalgia patients have many symptoms. The most common will be described in this section. The five musculoskeletal or fibrous connective tissue symptoms most frequently reported are: Aches and pains Tender points Muscle spasm or nodules Swelling in soft tissue Stiffness The characteristic aches and pains are most often described as a diffuse, widespread, or general achiness that fluctuates through the full range of pain sensations and is frequently accompanied by marked stiffness. Other symptoms reported by patients with fibromyalgia are fatigue, non restorative sleep with morning fatigue, chronic tension and migraine headaches, bowel and bladder irritability, dysmenorrhea, paresthesis, Raynauds phenomenon, chest pains, anxiety, depression and swelling and numbness of the extremities (20). The symptoms of fibromyalgia are influenced by a number of factors. Many patients report that cold or humid weather, fatigue, over-activity, and a sedentary status and anxiety aggravate their symptoms. Being active and warm is said to give relief from fibromyalgia symptoms (17). The median age of onset of fibromyalgia is twenty-nine to thirty-seven years, whereas the age of medical presentation (formal diagnosis) is thirty-four to fifty-three years. This indicates that most patients endure symptoms for several years before receiving an appropriate diagnosis (16). 1.3. Diagnosing fibromyalgia Specific diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia were first published by Smythe and Moldofsky (1977), and were later revised by the ACR 1990 criteria (20). There appear to have been two major directions in criteria sets before the ACR 1990 criteria. Wolfe et al. (1990) (20) have suggested that high counts of tender points are sufficient to diagnose the syndrome, without considering symptoms beyond widespread or generalised pain. From a different perspective, one of the authors has emphasised the combined importance of symptoms and tender points, but have required as few as two tender points (defined as severe tenderness to palpation) in the presence of characteristics symptoms. The ACR found while revising the diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia that primary and secondary fibromyalgia was essentially indistinguishable. The committee therefore abolished the distinction between primary and secondary concomitant fibromyalgia at the level of diagnosis in 1990. The ACR 1990 criteria (20) for diagnosing fibromyalgia are the most commonly encountered when studying clinical literature about fibromyalgia. The ACR 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia have two diagnostic criteria that must be met. These are: History of widespread pain for at least three months Pain in 11 of 18 tender point sites on digital palpation For classification purposes, patients will be said to have fibromyalgia if both criteria are satisfied. The presence of a second clinical disorder does not exclude the diagnosis of fibromyalgia (16). The ACR 1990 criteria can be appropriate criteria for clinical and epidemiological investigations of fibromyalgia. The sensitivity of the criteria suggests that they may be useful for diagnosis as well as classification. Although the ACR 1990 criteria have been widely accepted by workers in this field, the clinical features associated with fibromyalgia are thought to be wider than those specified in the criteria (17). The ACR 1990 classification criteria are presented in table 1.1. Table 1.1.: ACR 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia 1 History of widespread pain for at least three months2. Pain in 11 of 18 tender-point sites on digital palpationDefinition: Pain is considered widespread when all of the following are present: Pain in both sides of the body Pain above and below the waist Axial skeletal pain (cervical spine, anterior chest, thoracic spine or low back) In this definition, shoulder and buttock pain are considered as pain for each involved side. Low back pain is considered lower segment pain. Definition: Pain on digital palpation must be present in at least 11 of the following 18 tender points*: Occiput: bilateral, at sub occipital insertions. Lower cervical: bilateral, at anterior aspects of the intertransverse spaces at C5-C7. Trapezius: bilateral, at second costochondral junctions, just lateral to junctions on upper surfaces. Supraspinatus: bilateral, at origins above scapular spine near medial border. Second rib: bilateral, at the second costochondral junctions, just lateral to the junctions on upper surfaces. Lateral epicondyle: bilateral, 2 cm distal to epicondyles. Gluteal: bilateral, in upper outer quadrants of buttocks in anterior fold of muscle. Greater trochanter: bilateral, posterior to trochanter prominence. Knees: bilateral, at medial fat pad proximal to joint line. * Digital palpation should be performed with an approximate force of 4 kg/cm2. For a tender point to be considered positive the patients must state that the palpation was painful and not merely tender. 1.4. The relationship between fibromyalgia and Quality of Life 1.4.1. Introduction The following section will explain that QoL is a complex term and will also explain the relation between fibromyalgia patients and QoL. In order to do this, the relationship between QoL and the three levels of function according to the International Classification of Function (ICF) is made for fibromyalgia patients. A framework to explain what QoL may mean for the fibromyalgia patient is also presented. 1.4.2. Fibromyalgia and Quality of Life QualityoLife is not a term reserved for people suffering from pathology or a syndrome. All people are in fact influenced by their QoL and all parts of life influence peoples QoL. Various studies have examined QoL among people with fibromyalgia and have found that their QoL is extremely low compared to other groups (14). A framework for a description of elements of QoL is shown in table 1.2.1. It is not certain why fibromyalgia patients have such a reduced QoL, but patients with fibromyalgia report that having fibromyalgia has a negative impact on personal relationships, career and mental health (14). Ninety percent of respondents in a recent study reported that fibromyalgia markedly influenced their daily life, and seventy-eight % had to change their routines and habits of daily life due to their diagnosis. The symptoms and the resulting disability of fibromyalgia are strongly related to feelings of anxiety and apprehension regarding the nature and prognosis of the condition, to a greater extent than in rheumatoid arthritis. There is evidence that the overall QoL of patients with fibromyalgia compares unfavourably with that of other chronic disabling conditions (14). A recent study (14) on QoL issues for fibromyalgia patients showed that on a scale from one to ten, where ten was the highest positive score, patients ranked past QoL as 8.6, present QoL as 4.8, and future QoL without fibromyalgia as 9.2. This gives the reader a picture of how the diagnosis affects the patients QoL. Because it is obvious that patients suffering from fibromyalgia have a reduced QoL, this project will deal with the effects of treatment in relation to the QoL of patients. 1.4.3. Levels of functioning of fibromyalgia patients related to Quality of Life Patients with fibromyalgia are affected on all the three levels of functioning according to the ICF. These three levels of function are: Body function and body structure: for example pain, stiffness and fatigue Activity: for example sleeping, walking and swimming. Participation: for example social interactions, work status and role. In addition environmental factors can affect level of functioning. These are: natural environment and human-made changes to the environment, products and technology, support and relationships, attitudes, services, systems and policies. Treatment of fibromyalgia patients by graded aerobic exercise hopes to influence the participation level. This means that by treating patients with a graded aerobic exercise programme, it is hoped that aspects of the patients life such as career, personal relationships and mental health will be improved. The levels of the ICF link closely to the framework of QoL (table 1.2.) used in this project. The three ICF levels body function; activity and participation can be found within the QoL framework. 1.4.4. Framework for explaining Quality of Life in fibromyalgia Quality of Life and health reflect different aspects of well being, but QoL has an appreciably broader content. Others define QoL as the degree to which a person enjoys the important possibilities of his or her life (21). Possibilities result from the opportunities and limitations each person has in his/her life and reflect the interaction of personal and environmental factors. It is clear therefore that if a person suffering from fibromyalgia is limited in aspects of daily life by the fibromyalgia syndrome, the possibility of living life to the full extent will be limited. QoL consists of different dimensions. QoL therefore consists of the relative importance or meaning attached to each particular dimension and the extent of the persons enjoyment with respect to each dimension. If a person suffering from fibromyalgia experiences negative impacts in one dimension of life, other dimensions will be affected too. Table 1.2. illustrates the dimensions of QoL Table 1.2.: A conceptual framework to describe Quality of Life (21): BeingWho one isPhysical being:Physical health Personal hygiene Nutrition Exercise Grooming and clothing General physical appearancePsychological being:Psychological health and adjustment Cognition Feelings Self-esteem, self-concept, self-controlSpiritual being:Personal values Personal standards of conduct Spiritual beliefsBelongingConnection with ones environmentPhysical belonging:Home Workplace/school Neighbourhood CommunitySocial belonging:Intimate others Family Friends Co-workers Neighbourhood and communityCommunity belonging:Adequate income Health and social services Employment Educational programmes Recreational programmes Community events and activitiesBecomingAchieving personal goals, hopes and aspirationsPractical becoming:Paid work School or volunteer activities Seeing to health or social needsLeisure becoming:Activities that promote relaxation and stress reductionGrowth becoming:Activities that promote the maintenance or improvement of knowledge and skills Adapting to change 1.5. Measurement of Quality of Life for patients with fibromyalgia 1.5.1. Introduction Quality of Life (QoL) has been chosen as the outcome measure of interest for this project. A motivation will be given for why this outcome measure was chosen. In this section measurement of QoL for fibromyalgia patients will be presented. The importance of measuring QoL will be explained and in the next two sections the measurement tools found applicable for this project are presented. Generic and disease specific QoL measurement tools are presented. The reasoning for why these measurement tools are chosen is given and the necessity of assessing the validity of the tool in the original language and in Norwegian is explained. 1.5.2. Motivation for choosing Quality of Life as an outcome measure The QoL of fibromyalgia patients if often reduced. An explanation of the relationship of QoL and fibromyalgia is given in section 1.4. To get an impression of the broad picture and indeed the whole life of the fibromyalgia patient, QoL is selected as the outcome measure of interest of this project. It is important to find out if treatment by graded aerobic exercise programmes can contribute to improving the QoL of fibromyalgia patients and in that way improve the impact fibromyalgia has on aspects of life such as personal relationships, career and mental health. Many clinical trials measure the effect of treatment of fibromyalgia on for instance pain and number of tender points as a primary outcome. This project therefore wishes to shed light on QoL as a primary outcome. 1.5.3. Measurement of the Quality of Life of fibromyalgia patients As treatment of fibromyalgia patients with graded aerobic exercise programmes aims to influence the participation level of fibromyalgia patients, it is important that the QoL measurement tools used cover this level of the ICF framework. To find out if QoL has been improved by treatment, the QoL must be measured before and after treatment. QoL measurement tools can be generic or disease specific. Generic measurement tools are used in general populations to assess a wide range of domains applicable to a variety of health states, conditions and diseases (21). Disease specific measurement tools are used to measure the disease specific health status of a patient. These measurement tools measure disease specific health status and have been constructed for a specific diagnosis, disease or disease group, or for a specific functional problem. These tools have specific questions regarding number of and severity of symptoms and physical and psychological functioning. They cover the three ICF levels of functioning. Activities of Daily Living (ADL) functioning are often incorporated into the disease specific measurement tools. Activities of Daily Living (ADL) are basic life functions which are common to most individuals and which form an integral part of daily life. They are used as a guide when assessing an individual's level of function (29). Fibromyalgia patients often have problems performing ADL because of their symptoms and functional loss. It is therefore important that a disease specific measurement tool can pick up on problems in this area. ADL are (29): Self care and personal hygiene Communication Physical activity Sensory function Hand function Travel Sexual function Sleep Social and recreational activities There are many generic and disease specific QoL measurement tools used by physiotherapists conducting clinical trials on patients with fibromyalgia. Some are more common than others. Three generic and three disease specific QoL measurement tools have been selected as the main outcome measurement tools of this project, based on availability, validity and translation to Norwegian. The measurement tools found applicable for this project have been commonly encountered while studying literature about fibromyalgia. As this project has a focus on the Norwegian environment of fibromyalgia population, it was thought most applicable to select measurement tools that have been translated into Norwegian and validated for a Norwegian population as well as the original population. 1.5.4. Generic measurement of Quality of Life for fibromyalgia There are many common generic QoL measurement tools. The SF-36 is the QoL measurement tool that today is the most commonly used in the western world (30) and it is commonly used to assess QoL in fibromyalgia patients. The characteristics of three common generic QoL measurement tools are shown in table 1.3. Table 1.3.: Generic Quality of Life measurement tools Full name of question-naire:Abbre-viated name of Ques-tion-naire :Authors:Objective:Pat- holo-gy:Dise-ase:Type of instru-mentICF- level:Population:Mode of administration:Num-ber of Ite- msTime recall Original language:List of existing transla-tions:Validity: Validity in Norwe-gianReliability: Reliability in Norwe-gian:Medical outcome study (MOS) 36 Item Short Form:SF-36 Ware JE Jr., Sher-bourne CD, Hays RD, Stewart A, Berry S, GandekTo satisfy minimum psychometric standards necessary for group comparisons involving generic health concepts-, concepts that are not specific to any age, disease or treatment groupAllAllQuality of LifeBody function and structure, activity, participationAdult and adolescent (age 14 and older)Self-administered or interviewer- administered (by a trained interviewer in person or by telephone). Computerised administration is also available.36In the last 4 weeksEnglish for USAMany, including Norwe- gianYes (34) Yes (36)Yes (34) Yes (36)Flanagans Quality of Life ScaleQOLSFlanagan JC Modified by Burck-hardt CSTo assess Quality of Life for chronic illness populations. It is also valid for healthy populationsAllAllQuality of LifeBody function and structure, activity, participationAdultSelf administered16At this timeEnglish for USA12 languages, including NorwegianYes (31) Yes (37)Yes (31) Yes (37)Sickness Impact Profile SIPGilson B, Bergner MTo provide a descriptive profile of changes in a persons behaviour due to sicknessAllAllQuality of LifeBody function and structure, activity, participationAdultInterviewer or self administered136TodayEnglish for USA18 languages, including Norwe-gianYes (30) Yes (35)Yes (30) Yes (35) 1.5.5. Disease specific measurement of Quality of Life for fibromyalgia Disease specific factors of fibromyalgia are most commonly measured with the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ). The Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale (AIMS) is also used, although it is a disease specific measurement tool for rheumatoid arthritis. Modified versions of AIMS are used for fibromyalgia patients. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a specific measurement tool for anxiety and depression, but is used for fibromyalgia patients as these patients often suffer from anxiety and depression. Table 1.4. shows common characteristics of these three disease specific QoL measurement tools. An example of a disease specific measurement tool, the FIQ is presented in appendix 4. Table 1.4.: Disease specific Quality of Life measurement tools Full name of Questionnaire:Fibromyalgia Impact QuestionnaireHospital Anxiety and Depression ScaleArthritis Impact Measurement ScalesAbbreviated name of Questionnaire:FIQHADSAIMS/ AIMS 2Authors:Burckhardt C, Clark S, Bennett RSnaith RP, Zigmond ASMeenan RFObjective:To measure fibromyalgia patient status, progress and outcomesTo assess anxiety and depressionTo measure changes in global health, pain, mobility and social function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Pathology:RheumatologyPsychiatry/PsychologyRheumatologyDisease:FibromyalgiaAnxiety/DepressionArthritisType of instrument:Quality of LifeQuality of LifeQuality of LifeICF- level:Body function and structure, activity, participationParticipationBody function and structure, activity, participationPopulation:AdultAdultAdultMode of administration:Self administeredSelf-administeredSelf-administeredNumber of items:2014AIMS: 66 AIMS 2: 78 AIMS 2 -SF: 26Time recall:During the past weekIn the last few daysDuring the past monthOriginal language:English for USAEnglish for the UKEnglishList of existing translations:11 languages, including NorwegianAll languages of Western Europe, including Norwegian.AIMS: 5, not Norwegian AIMS2: 12, including NorwegianValidity original language Validity in NorwegianYes (39) Yes (42)Yes (40) Yes (37)Yes (41) Yes (38)Reliability in original language: Reliability in Norwegian:Yes (39) Yes (42) Yes (40) Yes (37)Yes (41) Yes (38) 1.6. Definition of aerobic exercises and graded aerobic exercises 1.6.1. Introduction In order to understand the concept of graded aerobic exercises used in this project an explanation of this training principle is provided in the following section. The relation between exercise and fibromyalgia and the benefits of graded aerobic exercise in fibromyalgia patients are also mentioned. 1.6.2. Definition of aerobic exercises Aerobic exercise requires oxygen. Aerobic exercises are intended to increase oxygen consumption and to benefit the lungs and cardiovascular system (22). Aerobic exercises include activities such as walking swimming and biking. Aerobic exercises result in several changes in skeletal muscles. Capillaries surrounding the muscle fibres increase in number. This results in a more efficient muscle metabolism, a greater endurance, strength and resistance to fatigue (23). In comparison anaerobic activities are without the use of oxygen and rely entirely on ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and CP (creatine phosphate) stores. Anaerobic activities require a surge of power and last only a few seconds. Examples of anaerobic activities are: weight lifting, sprinting and diving. The more sustained activities such as a hundred -meter swim are fuelled almost entirely by the anaerobic mechanism producing lactic acid (23). 1.6.3. Definition of graded aerobic exercises In this project graded aerobic exercises are defined as exercise that begins at a low level and gradually increase in intensity and duration. Heart rate should be between fifty and seventy-five percent of maximal heart rate. The target heart rate zone for age is described in table 1.3. (25). Table 1.5. Exercise heart rate chart AgeTarget heart rate zone (50%-75% of average maximum heart rate)20-3098-146 beats per minute31-4093-138 beats per minute41-5088-131 beats per minute51-6083-123 beats per minute61+83-123 beats per minute A study reports that fibromyalgia patients who are in pain and poor condition need to begin at a very low level of exercise. A starting point of five minutes a day is recommended. An increase in duration of activity with one minute per session every three to four days is recommended, gradually building up to thirty or forty minutes of exercise (16). 1.6.4. Definition of graded aerobic exercise programme Graded aerobic exercise programmes follow the main guidelines of regular aerobic exercise programmes as suggested by the American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM). Frequency of exercising should be three to five days a week and before the activity a warming up period of five to ten minutes should be carried out. The exercise session should last for thirty to forty-five minutes. The intensity in a graded aerobic exercise session should gradually decrease and be concluded with a stretching session for five to ten minutes (26). There are specific modifications to the way a graded aerobic exercise programme is structured. These modifications ensure a gradual progression of intensity and duration of the exercise programme. Graded aerobic exercise programmes are defined as programmes where patients are told to individually adjust the duration and intensity of exercise and modify activities. A physiotherapist is involved in tailoring the exercise programme according to the individual patients needs and abilities. A graded aerobic exercise programme is an ongoing process and requires constant reinforcement. 1.6.5. Fibromyalgia and the relationship with graded aerobic exercises Nichols et al. (1994) (6) state that the chronic fatigue reported by individuals with fibromyalgia results in a relatively sedentary life style. This leads to a decrease in the fitness level of the skeletal muscles. Consequently, the muscles may be more susceptible to microtrauma from any exercise activity, which then produces the pain associated with this syndrome. Graded aerobic exercises may increase the resistance of a trained muscle to microtrauma. Graded aerobic exercises have also been shown to decrease the reported intensity of pain and number of tender points in patients with fibromyalgia (28). On the contrary, high intensity fitness training is found to provoke, instead of relieve pain for fibromyalgia patients (43). 1.7. Assessing methodological quality of clinical trials 1.7.1. Introduction As this project aims to find out if the available graded aerobic exercise programmes are evidence based, it is necessary to explain how this is decided. There are various scales or checklists that deal with the methodological quality of clinical trials. These scales are made to help people who read articles dealing with clinical trials decide if the clinical trial in question has been performed with an acceptable methodological quality. A clinical trial found to have a high methodological quality is more valid than a clinical trial with a low methodological quality. 1.7.2. Using the PEDro scale to assess the methodological quality of clinical trials To ensure a high methodological quality of the articles included in this project, the PEDro scale (44) is used to rate the articles. This project concerns comparisons of randomised clinical trials, and it is therefore of interest to ensure that trials of respectable, and similar, methodological quality are used. By rating articles with the PEDro scale it is possible to differentiate those trials that are likely to be valid from those that are not. Validity is the degree to which a research design allows for reasonable interpretations from the data, based on controls (internal validity), appropriate definitions (construct validity), appropriate analysis procedures (statistical conclusion validity), and generalisability (external validity) (45). The PEDro scale is a checklist that considers two aspects of trial quality. These aspects are the internal validity, or believability of the trial, and the second aspect is whether or not the trial contains sufficient statistical information to make it interpretable. External validity of the trials or the size of the treatment effect is not rated. The following criteria should be checked when assessing the internal validity of a trial: Random allocation Concealment of allocation Comparability of groups at baseline Blinding (patients, therapists and assessors) Analysis by intention to treat Adequate follow-up The following criteria should be checked to assess the interpretability of a trial: Between-group statistical comparisons Reports of point estimates Measures of variability The PEDro scale contains eleven items, where items two -eleven make up the PEDro score. The reader of the trial rewards one point for each item met on the PEDro scale. In total it is possible to score 10 points. Item one concerns eligibility criteria, which relates to external validity, and is therefore not calculated in the total score. For full explanation of administration of the PEDro scale, refer to appendix 2. Table 1.6.: The PEDro scale 1. Eligibility criteria were specifiedNo/yes2. Subjects were randomly allocated to groupsNo/yes3. Allocation was concealedNo/yes4. The groups were similar at baseline regarding the most important prognostic indicatorsNo/yes5. There was blinding of all subjectsNo/yes6. There was blinding of all therapists who administered the therapyNo/yes7. There was blinding of all assessors who measured at least one key outcomeNo/yes8. Measures of at least one key outcome were obtained from more than 85% of the subjects initially allocated to groupsNo/yes9. All subjects for whom outcome measures were available received the treatment or control condition as allocated or, where this was not the case, data for at least one key outcome was analysed by intention to treatNo/yes10. The results of between-group statistical comparisons are reported for at least one key outcomeNo/yes11. The study provides both point measures and measures of variability for at least one key outcomeNo/yes In summary, valid clinical trials randomly allocate subjects to treatment and control groups, blind observers (preferably patients and therapists as well) and have a low drop out rate (44). If the articles included in this project score highly on the PEDro scale, it is assumed the results of the project will be evidence based. CHAPTER 2: METHOD 2.0. Introduction The main question of this project was: Which treatment programmes of graded aerobic exercise result in improved Quality of Life for patients diagnosed with the fibromyalgia syndrome based on evidence based literature? A comprehensive literature search was carried out on the Internet. Articles were analysed according to the in- and exclusion criteria. The following analysis consisted of assessing the methodological quality, by using the PEDro scale. Finally, the articles were analysed using a self-designed data extraction checklist. The approach to conduct the project is described using six steps: Literature search In- and exclusion criteria Methodological quality assessment Data extraction Analysing and presenting results Interpreting the results Literature search Search strategy Pubmed, Doconline, the Cochrane Libary, Qolid and Picarta library databases were searched. A Norwegian database, Bibsys, was also used, but no abstracts were available there. To narrow the search, specific key words were used as a filter. They are listed in table 2.1. Boolean operators like AND, OR, NOT were combined with the search words. The search strategy was modified for differences in search engines provided by the different databases. When searching databases, the first criterion for identifying eligible studies was by the title of the articles. Table 2.1.: Key words used in the data base search English key wordsNorwegian key wordsFibromyalgia Physiotherapy Treatment Symptoms Aerobic exercise Hydrotherapy Group therapy Individual therapy Quality of Life Graded aerobic activity Treatment programmes QuestionnairesFibromyalgi Fysioterapi Behandling Symptomer Aerob trening Basseng trening Gruppe trening Individuell trening Livskvalitet Gradert aerob trening Treningsprogram Fysisk aktivitet Sprreskjema To select recent literature, the limitation of the search was set to publications from 1994 - 2003. In the Cochrane Library, the Randomised Clinical Trials Register was used. Search expressions containing numbers were considered non-searchable characters in this database. The Norwegian search terms were applied in the Norwegian database bibsys. ( Quality of Life measurement tools were located in the Qolid database and the web site  HYPERLINK http://www.nrrk.no www.nrrk.no. Information about validation of these tools was found in the PubMed database, Qolid database and web site www.nrrk.no. The articles were located and collected at Nederlandse Instituut voor Wetenschappelijke Informatiediensten (NIWI), Amstrdam, Academische Medische Centrum (AMC), Amsterdam, Hoensbroek IRV, Hoensbroek and in the studylandscape at Fontys Hogeschool, Eindhoven. For a detailed search strategy, refer to appendix 3. 2.1.2. Communication with specialists In order to gain additional information or studies that might have been missed, a request by e-mail and phone was made to four specialists in the field of fibromyalgia. Hkon E. Dalen, specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitaion in Norway, working as a medical doctor at Beitostlen Helsesportsenter. Elin Dysvik, specialist in the field of fibromyalgia in Norway. Sigrid H. Wigers, specialist in the field of fibromyalgia in Norway. Rob Van Pelt, specialist in the field of fibromyalgia in the Netherlands. The Norwegian Fibromyalgia Association. In- and exclusion criteria 2.2.1. Inclusion criteria Literature was included if the following inclusion criteria were fulfilled. Study design of relevant literature Studies( were eligible if they had a controlled trial type of study design, randomised and non-randomised. The studies had to concern comparison of graded aerobic exercise programmes to a control group. Literature used had to be of recent date (from 1994-2003). Literature used had to be in English or Norwegian. Patient population The patient population included in this project was males and females between the ages of 18-70. Patients had to have the fibromyalgia syndrome according to the ACR 1990 criteria, refer to sections 1.3. Types of interventions The intervention of interest in this project was graded aerobic exercise. There were several terms used interchangeably for this intervention. Terms such as gradually increasing aerobic exercises, progressive aerobic exercises, low intensity aerobic exercises and steadily increasing individualised aerobic exercises were used. All studies that concerned aerobic exercises beginning at a low level and slowly progressing in intensity were considered as graded aerobic exercises and therefore included in the project. Outcome QoL was selected as the outcome measure. Types of outcome measurements The following eight QoL questionnaires were selected as the measurement tools in the process of including articles: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF 36) Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS) Flanagans Quality of Life Scale (QOLS) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) EuroQoL (EQ-5D) Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) 2.2.2. Exclusion criteria Literature was excluded if the patient group received non-graded aerobic exercises or anaerobic exercises in combination with graded aerobic exercises. Literature was excluded if the patient had the incorrect diagnosis. Methodological quality assessment For evaluating the methodological quality of the articles found eligible, the PEDro scale was used (appendix 2). As a preparation for assessing the articles, every group member studied literature concerning the PEDro scale. Two or three group members assessed each article. The scores given to the articles were compared within the group. Any discrepancies within the group were discussed and a consensus regarding the scores was obtained. The maximal attainable score was 10. The score 5 of 10 was considered to be respectable for inclusion in this project. Data extraction A checklist was made to extract the most relevant data from the included articles. Patient: The patient had the correct diagnosis of fibromyalgia (using the ACR 1990 criteria). Age of the patient between eighteen and seventy years. Compliance: The patient had completed the whole treatment programme. Treatment Programme: The exercises were graded aerobic Exercises were arranged into a treatment programme: duration per session, frequency, intensity, and number of sessions. Exercises (or the whole programme) were performed in groups or individually. Exercise programme could be performed with guidance of a physiotherapist and without guidance. The patient received a home exercise programme. A follow up exercise programme was given. Quality of Life: One of these Quality of Life Questionnaire are used as a measurement tool: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS) Flanagans Quality of Life Scale (QOLS) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) EuroQoL (EQ-5D) Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) Quality of Life had improved (+) or not improved (-). Cross reference search Cross reference search was conducted after the full-text articles were allocated and assessed. Any additional studies that seemed eligible according to title and inclusion criteria were collected. Analysing and presenting results Two or three group members analysed each article found while searching according to the in- and exclusion criteria. An analysis of the temporarily included articles was then conducted according to the PEDro scale. At least two group members analysed each article according to the PEDro scale. Articles scoring 5 or higher were eligible for data extraction. Data extraction was conducted according to the main topics patient, treatment programme and QoL. The characteristics of the exercise programmes were presented and later compared. The comparison led to results regarding effects on QoL. Interpreting results Chapter 1 was written in order to describe the fibromyalgia syndrome, QoL in relation to fibromyalgia patients, aerobic- and graded aerobic exercise, and QoL measurement tools. The results of the project were interpreted in relation to the main question and the sub- questions. Refer to project plan, (appendix 1) for details of questions. Topics presented as results were description of selected studies, description of sample size, description of control group intervention, description of outcome measure and methodological quality of the included studies. A description of the characteristics of the graded aerobic exercise programmes was presented. There were many similarities between the programmes, but also some contradictory findings. Therefore it was decided to conduct a comparison of the different programmes based on the contradictory characteristics of the exercise programmes. The comparisons of the characteristics were not meant to decide which one of the fourteen programmes was most beneficial regarding effects on QoL. Instead it was thought that the comparisons would illustrate which characteristics should be included in a programme to ensure effects on QoL. The comparisons of the programmes were conducted after selecting seven relevant contradictory characteristics of the exercise programmes encountered during data extraction. These seven contradictory characteristics were compared to find the effects of the exercise programmes on QoL. The choice of which characteristics of the exercise programmes to compare was based on contradictory terms from the data extraction checklist. These terms produced results as to differences and similarities between programmes during the description of the programmes. For instance, terms such as single- or several activities used in the exercise programme and supervised- or unsupervised exercise programmes were contradictory terms and were therefore suitable for comparison. Other results of the data extraction were found to be non-comparable because the characteristics were too similar. Where characteristics were not contradictory between programmes, a comparison could not be made. These non-comparable characteristics were also presented as results, but it was not possible to find results of their effects on QoL. To find effects of treatment on QoL, the scores of QoL measurement tools were compared between the exercise programmes containing the contradictory characteristics. The QoL measurement tools were divided in sub-scales. Refer to appendix 4 for an example of a QoL measurement tool. Each of these sub-scales had a separate score, a sub-score. The sub-scores were often described in the included articles. Authors differentiated between the result of a sub-score and the result of the total score. There was a difference between achieving a significantly improved total score (a summarisation of the sub-scores) and a non-significantly improved total score. A total score was significantly improved if the summarisation of all sub-scores gained a significant improvement. A total score was non-significantly improved if only a few sub-scores within the total score were improved, or if the total score improvement was too minor to be significant. This was clearly differentiated in the results. It was reported in the articles when only a sub-score was improved, as this result was not comparable to a significantly improved total score. To decide if a result was statistically significant the p-value was examined. The results of which exercise programmes achieved significant improvements are presented in table 3.5. A significantly improved total score was presented with (+), a non-significantly increased total score was presented with (o) and no improvements in QoL were presented with (-). Three included studies (3, 7, 10) had two separate graded aerobic exercise programmes run in parallel. Where this was the case, the separate programmes were treated independently and named programme a and b. This meant in fact that studies 3, 7 and 10 had two exercise programmes each (a + b). The total number of exercise programmes in this project was therefore 14, although only 11 studies were included. CHAPTER 3: RESULTS 3.0 Introduction This chapter consists of an introduction presenting the included articles, with a description of the sample size, control group intervention and outcome measure used in the included articles. This chapter will also present results from the cross reference search and the results with contact with specialist and the Norwegian Fibromyalgia Association. A methodological part describing the quality of the included studies is presented. Articles were included for this project according to inclusion criteria and the PEDro scale. The results of this inclusion process are presented in this chapter. After selecting suitable articles a data extraction was performed in order to gather relevant information from the articles. The results of the data extraction are presented in section 3.4. The data extraction was divided in two, with one part concerning the patient population and QoL measurement tools and one part concerning the graded aerobic exercise programmes. First a presentation of the graded aerobic exercise programmes is made, showing characteristics of the programmes. The data extraction showed several differences and similarities between the graded aerobic exercise programmes. Therefore it was thought relevant to make a comparison of the graded aerobic exercise programmes. A comparison was made of seven characteristics. The remaining seven characteristics were found non comparable. This comparison leads to the results of the graded aerobic exercise programmes and their effects on QoL. These results are presented in section 3.5. 3.1. Description of selected studies In total twenty-five articles were collected at NIWI (Nederlandse Instituut voor Wetenschappelijke Informatiediensten), Amsterdam, AMC (Academische Medische Centrum), Amsterdam and Hoensbroek IRV, Hoensbroek after the literature search. Two articles were collected from journals available at Fontys Hogescholen. During the data analysis, sixteen of the twenty-seven articles collected, proved not to fulfil the eligibility criteria and were excluded from this study. The eleven remaining studies meeting the eligibility criteria are described in detail in table 3.1. Eight of the included articles could be found in PubMed, two in Doconline and five in the Cochrane Library. Eleven of the excluded articles could be found in PubMed, three in Doconline, four in Cochrane Library and one in Picarta. The same articles could be found in more than one database. Eight of the included articles are randomised clinical controlled trials, and three studies are randomised clinical trials. Date of publishing ranged from 1994 to 2002. All included articles are published in English language. Articles were located in different databases. In the Norwegian database, Bibsys, no abstracts were available. Table 3.1. presents the included articles according to the inclusion criteria. Table 3.1.: Inclusion criteria TitleStudyDesignGender/ correct diagnose/ageInter-ventionQoL Measurement toolsPrescribed exercise in people with fibromyalgia: parallel group randomised controlled trial (1)Richards et al. (2002)RCT, parallel groupF/M, ACR, age =18- 70GAEFIQ, SF-36The effects of exercise and education, individually or combined, in women with fibromyalgia (2)King et al. (2002)RCTF, ACR, age = 18-65GAEFIQExercise training in treatment of fibromyalgia (3)Nrre-gaard et al. (1997)RCTF/M, ACR, age = 20-70GAEa) FIQ b) FIQA randomised, controlled clinical trial of education and physical training for women with fibromyalgia (4)Burck-hardt et al. (1994)RCTF, ACR, age = 24-69GAEFIQ, QOLSPool exercise combined with an education program for patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome. A prospective, randomised study (5)Manner-korpi et al. (2002)RCT, prospe-ctive study Follow- up = no control groupF, ACR, ma = 46GAE FIQ, SF 36, QOLS, AIMS Follow up: FIQ, SF- 36Effects of aerobic exercise on pain perception, affect, and level of disability in individuals with fibromyalgia (6)Nichols et al. (1994)RCTF/M, ACR, age = 30-69GAESIPAn observer-blinded comparison of supervised and unsupervised aerobic exercise regimens in fibromyalgia (7)Ramsay et al. (2000)RCT, single blind observerACRGAEa) HADS b) HADSA randomised controlled trial of exercise and education for individuals with fibromyalgia (8)Gowans et al. (1999)RCTACR, ma = 46,6GAEFIQPredictors of success of intervention programs for persons with fibromyalgia (9)King et al. (2002)RCTF, ACR, age 18-64, ma = 46,8GAEFIQ, QOLSEffects of pool based and land based aerobic ex on women with fibromyalgia/ chronic widespread muscle pain (10)Saltskr Jentoft et al. (2001)RCT, parallel groupACR, ma = 42,9GAEa) FIQ b) FIQEffects of a randomised controlled trial of exercise on mood and physical function in individuals with fibromyalgia (11)Gowans et al. (2001)RCTACR , ma = 46,7GAEFIQ Abbreviations: RCT = Randomised clinical trial, F = Female, M = Male, ACR = American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for fibromyalgia, ma = mean age, GAE = graded aerobic exercise. Measurement tools: FIQ = Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, QOLS = Flanagans Quality of Life Scale, SF-36 = Short Form 36, AIMS = Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales, SIP = Sickness Impact profile, HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. 3.1.1. Description of sample size Patient population ranged from 19 to 174 participants. Age of the participants ranged from 18 to 70 years. In total, the 11 studies investigated the effect of graded aerobic exercise on 921 patients. Among the participants 277 dropped out of the studies. The share of drop out from the included articles is presented in figure 3.1.  3.1.2. Description of control group intervention. Two studies (7, 10) lacked a control group and one study used waiting list control subjects (8), which means that a control group with no intervention at baseline has been used. This group will receive treatment at a later stage. The remaining studies used varying forms of control interventions; relaxation and flexibility (1), basic stretches, coping strategies and keeping a logbook (2), hot packs (3), regular care (4), sedentary, continue daily activities but no participation in exercise programme, usual activities (5), continue usual activities (6), continue regular exercise programme, not start new exercise programme (9), continue ad librum activity, no potentially moodaltering medication or participation in aerobic exercise programme (11). Duration of the intervention of the control groups ranged from six (4) weeks to twenty-three weeks (11). 3.1.3. Description of outcome measure The outcome measure used for this study was QoL. Table 3.4 presents the measurement tools used in the included studies and how many studies they were used in. 3.1.4. Results of cross references One systematic review was found and used for cross reference. Nine articles were found from this cross reference search. 3.1.5. Results of communication with specialists Hkon E Dalen, specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation in Norway, provided background information concerning fibromyalgia and QoL questionnaires validated in Norway (7). No information was obtained from the three other specialists contacted. No information was obtained from the Norwegian Fibromyalgia Association, refer to section 2.1.2. 3.2. Methodological quality of included studies All the included studies concerning graded aerobic exercise gained a respectable score on the PEDro scale, as presented in table 3.3. These scores were found respectable for this project. The studies are listed according to their score on the PEDro scale. Table 3.2.: Score on the PEDro scale StudyYear1234567891011SCORERichards (1)2002yXXXXXXXX8 / 10Burckhardt (4)1994yXXXXXXX7 / 10King (9)2002yXXXXXX6 / 10Gowans (8)1999yXXXXXX6 / 10King (2)2002yXXXXXX6 / 10Mannerkorpi ( 5)2002yXXXXX6 / 10Saltskr Jentoft (10)2001yXXXXXX6 / 10Gowans (11)2001yXXXXX5 / 10Nichols (6)1994yXXXXX5 / 10Nrregaard (3)1997yXXXXX5 / 10Ramsay (7)2000yXXXXX5 / 10 3.3. Description of the patient population and the Quality of Life measurement tools Table 3.3. illustrates the results of the first part of the data extraction phase. Results of the patient population of the included articles and the QoL measurement tools used. Table 3.3.: Data Extraction table; characteristics of the patients and QoL measurement tools of included studies AuthorCorrect diagnosisAgeNumber of participants in the study and in the exercise programmesComplian-ce; number of drop out from studyQoL measure- ment toolQoL significantly improved (+) QoL improved but not significantly (o) QoL not improved (-)Richards et al. (2002) (1)Fulfil ACR 1990 criteria18-70Study: 136 Ex. Programme: 6928FIQ, SF-36FIQ o, SF-36 oKing et al. (2002) (2)Fulfil ACR 1990 criteria18-65Study: 170 Ex. Programme: 4675FIQFIQ +Nrregard et al. (1997) (3) Fulfil ACR 1990 criteria20-70Study: 38 Ex. Programme: 30 (a:15, b:15)15FIQa) FIQ o, b) FIQ oBurckhart et al. (1994) (4)Fulfil ACR 1990 criteria24-69Study: 99 Ex. Programme: 3332FIQ, QOLSFIQ o, QOLS +Mannerkorpi et al. (2002) (5)Fulfil ACR 1990 criteriaMean age 46Study: 69 Ex. Programme: 3711FIQ, SF-36, QOLS, AIMS Follow-up: FIQ, SF-36FIQ +. SF-36 o, QOLS +, AIMS o Follow-up: FIQ +, SF-36 +Nichols et al. (1994) (6)Fulfil ACR 1990 criteria30-69Study: 19 Ex. Programme: 105SIPSIP -Ramsay et al. (2000) (7)Fulfil ACR 1990 criteriaNot statedStudy: 74 Ex. Programme: 74 (a:37, b:37)24HADSa) HADS -, b) HADS oGowans et al. (1999) (8)Fulfil ACR 1990 criteriaMean age 46,6Study: 41 Ex. Programme: 2311FIQFIQ o Follow-up: FIQ -King et al. (2002) (9)Fulfil ACR 1990 criteria18-64Study: 174 Ex. Programme: 4346FIQ, QOLSFIQ o, QOLS oSaltskr Jentoft et al. (2001) (10)Fulfil ACR 1990 criteriaMean age 42,9Study: 44 Ex. Programme: 34 (a:16, b:18)10FIQa) FIQ o, b) FIQ oGowans et al. (2001) (11)Fulfil ACR 1990 criteriaMean age 46,7Study: 57 Ex. Programme: 1520FIQ FIQ + Table 3.4.: Overview of the outcome and the number of studies choosing a certain measurement tool OutcomeMeasurement toolsNumber of studiesQuality of LifeFIQ9QOLS3SF-362AIMS1SIP1HADS1 3.4. Description of graded aerobic exercise programmes 3.4.1. Introduction Eleven articles were found to have a sufficient description of graded aerobic exercise programmes. This section will describe the characteristics of the graded aerobic exercise programmes. The words graded aerobic exercise programmes, exercise programmes and programmes are used interchangeably in this section. 3.4.2. Presentation of the graded aerobic exercise programmes Details of the graded aerobic exercise programmes are presented in table 3.5. 3.4.3. Characteristics of the graded aerobic exercise programmes Activities There were six types of activities used in the graded aerobic exercise programmes. The type of activities used in the studies were hydrotherapy (seven of fourteen exercise programmes), walking (six of fourteen), exercises (six of fourteen), cycling (three of fourteen), aerobics or dance (three of fourteen) and swimming (one of fourteen). It is clear that hydrotherapy was the most common activity, followed by walking and exercises. Figure 3.2. illustrates how many exercise programmes used a certain type of activity.  Five programmes (1, 2, 4, 9, 11) had a combination of types of activities, while nine programmes (3a+b, 5, 6, 7a+b, 8, 10a+b) used only one type of activity as a treatment programme. Four programmes (2, 4, 9, 11) had a combination of land-based exercise and hydrotherapy included in the same programme. Three exercise programmes (5, 8, 10b) used purely hydrotherapy. Seven programmes (1, 3a+b, 6, 7a+b, 10a) used purely land-based exercises. Figure 3.3. shows how many exercise programmes were single-type or combination-type. Figure 3.4. shows how many exercise programmes used purely hydrotherapy, purely land-based activities or a combination of hydrotherapy and land-based activities.   Structure of the programmes For a detailed description of the exercise programmes, refer to table 3.5. Nine programmes (2, 3a+b, 6, 8, 9, 10a+b, 11) had a separate warm-up or stretching part prior to the exercise programme. Ten (2, 5, 6, 7a+b, 8, 9, 10a+b, 11) programmes had a cool-down, relaxation or stretching part at the end of the programme. Table 3.5.: Data extraction table; characteristics of the graded aerobic exercise programmes Author/ Type of activitySupervision/ InstructionsStructure of exercise programme**Duration per session (mins)/ Intensity (HR)Frequency/ Number of sessions Indoors/outdoors, Equipment neededHome exercises/ Follow-up exercise programmeRichards et al. (2002) (1) Walking, cycling Led by personal trainers Individualised increase amount of exercise steadily as tolerated Group (class) ( Walking or cycling 60 mins At start: 2 periods of exercise X 6 mins At 12 weeks: 2 periods of exercise of 25 minutes slight sweat, able to talk comfortably 2 X week X 12 weeks 24 sessionsIndoors Treadmill, ergometer cycleNSKing et al. (2002) (2) Walking, Hydro-therapy*, Low impact Aerobics Combined with patient educationLed by fitness instructors, supervised by PT Instructed to work at a comfortable level, increase intensity and duration of sessions gradually throughout study as subjects adapted to the activityGroup (class + individually) Stretching Exercises, either: Hydrotherapy: in deep and shallow water Aerobics Walking Stretching At start: 10-15 mins At end: 20-40 mins HR 60-70% of max 3 X week X 12 weeks 36 sessionsIndoors, walking outside if weather okay Heated pool, treadmillhoped that subjects would continue exercising at a facility in their neighbourhood after study completion Nrregaard et al. (1997) (3) a)Dance training programme b) Steady exercise programme Led by PT Planned gradual increase in intensity for both programmes, only partly achieved due to strong opposition from patients Groups a) 10 mins warm up Exercise programme: free standing exercises involving all body regions, running and other fast movements of legs and arms. b) 10 mins warm up ( Exercise programme: Body awareness, balance and motor control, stretching, freestanding gymnastics.  50 mins Exercises performed at steady speed with pauses for talking, HR 40-50% of maxa) 3 X week X12 weeks b) 2 X week X 12 weeks a) 36 sessions b) 24 sessionsIndoors Equipment = NSNSBurckhart et al. (1994) (4) Hydro-therapy*, ROM, Walking, swimming, cycling Combined with education programmeLed by PT Given individual time to develop own fitness training programme of walking, swimming or cycling. Groups of 5-6 patients, individual home exercises. Stretching and ROM exercises every time 2 X hydrotherapy sessions Individual fitness training programme to do at home during the week: walking, swimming or cycling. Modification and discussion of fitness programme after 6 weeks60 mins HR =NS1 X week X 6 weeks. 1 appointment after 6 weeks 6 + 1 sessionIndoors + outdoors Heated pool + treadmill, ergometer cycleIndividual fitness training programme to be done at home Mannerkorpi et al. (2002) (5) Hydro- Therapy* Combined with education programmeLed by PT Instructed to exercise in their own rhythm and to modify the exercises individually with respect to threshold of pain and fatigue. Group Walking/ jogging forward/backward in water Arm movements and knee bending when standing Jogging/walking on the spot combined with arm movements Relaxation and breathing exercises Jogging on the spot, alternately jumping with one leg forward/backward. Cycling in supine position Stretching upper and lower limb Relaxation: standing/leaning against wall, lying supine.35 mins HR= NS1 X week X 24 weeks 24 sessionsIndoors Heated poolRecommended to continue hydrotherapy, walking, biking Nichols et al. (1994) (6) WalkingLed by researchers and volunteers Pacing by researchers and volunteers to ensure that subjects maintained the same pace, monitored by maintaining the same lap: unit time ratio. To ensure a constant heart rate.Group Warm up regimen of stretching exercises, 1 warm up lap of slow paced walking around indoor track. 20 minutes fast paced walking on track Cool down regimen of stretching exercises, 1 cool down lap of slow paced walking on track45 mins HR 60-70% of max3 X week X 8 weeks 24 sessionsIndoors Indoor athletics trackNSRamsay et al. (2000) (7) a) Single session group demonstration of aerobic activities b) Graded cardio-vascular fitness class Unsupervised Supervised by PT a)+b) : Written advice was given and patients were instructed to continue and gradually increase the exercises at home. Tailoring for the individual patients needs and abilities by a PTIndividual One-to-one session with PT consisting of instruction in a graded aerobic exercise regimen Stretching and relaxation exercises Reinforcement with written instructions on how to carry out the exercises at home. Group Cardiovascular fitness class Stretching Relaxation Written instruction to continue and increase exercises at home60 mins HR=NSa) single session b) 1 X week X 12 weeks a) 1 session b) 12 sessionsIndoors Equipment = NSBoth programmes were also given as home exercises Gowans et al. (1999) (8) Hydro- therapy* Combined with education programmeLed by PT Group (class) 5 mins stretching 20 mins walking/jogging/ side-stepping/arm exercises against water resistance 5 mins. Stretching30 mins HR 60-75% of max2 X week X 6 weeks 12 sessionsIndoors Heated poolNSKing et al. (2002) (9) Walking, low impact aerobics, hydrotherapy*, cycling. Led by fitness instructor. Supervised by PT PT supervised every session and assisted patients with adjusting duration and intensity of exercises and modifying activities. Exercise programme individualised for each patient.Group Warm- up Exercise programme: -Walking, low impact aerobics, hydrotherapy (deep and shallow water), stationary cycling on ergometer cycle. -Toning and light strengthening included after first few sessions Cool down Stretching At start: 10-15 mins, at 12 weeks: 25-30 mins At start: HR 50% of max gradually increasing to 55-70% at end of programme3 X week X 12 weeks 36 sessionsIndoors Heated pool, ergometer cycleNSSaltskr Jentoft et al. (2001) (10) a) Land based exercises b) Hydro- therapy* Led by PT a) Norwegian Aerobic Fitness Model used in original form b) Modified version of same model used, adapted to restrictions imposed by water a)+b): Exercises consist of dynamic muscle work, accompanied by musicGroup a) + b) Body awareness training Ergonomics Warm-up exercises: 10 mins Aerobic dance: 15 mins Cooling down exercises: 10 mins Muscle stretching exercises: 10 mins Strengthening exercises: 10 mins Relaxation training: 10 mins 60 mins HR 60-75% of max2 X week X 20 weeks 40 sessionsIndoors Gymnastic hall with wooden floor85% participated regularly in activities 1 x week at 6 month follow-up Gowans et al. (2001) (11) Hydro therapy*, walking, exercise class in gym (hospital based)  Led by PT Classes designed to ensure target heart rates were attained as patients condition improved. Group Stretching: 5 mins Aerobic exercise: 20 mins: -First 6 weeks: classes in pool to facilitate compliance and minimise post-exercise pain. -At 7 weeks: 2 walking classes in gymnasium and 1 pool class -Progression from gentle arm/leg exercises (week1) to running in the pool (week 6), to slow continuous walking with arm movements in a gymnasium (week 7) to intermittent jogging in the gymnasium (week 23) Stretching: 5 mins30 mins HR 60-75% of max3 X week X 23 weeks 69 sessionsIndoors Heated pool, gymnasiumNS *Where authors name the activity aqua size, pool therapy, water aerobics etc. the collective name of hydrotherapy is used in the table. ** Where the complete exercise programme is described in the study, it is presented in the table. Most studies do not present complete exercise programmes. Abbreviations: PT = Physical Therapist, HR = Heart Rate, NS = Not Stated in article, ROM = Range of Motion Instructions All exercise programmes had a series of instructions to be followed. Some instructions considered the aspect of grading the exercise, others concerned the intensity of the exercise and one instruction was purely an explanation of the activity to take place (10). Most programmes (1, 2, 3a+b, 5, 7a+b, 9) had a series of instructions concerning the manner of exercising. The patients were told to exercise at their own individual level and to gradually increase amount (duration and intensity) as tolerated throughout the programme. Instructions of other programmes (6, 11) focused on pacing to ensure target heart rate was reached. Education Four (2, 4, 5, 8) of the fourteen exercise programmes were combined with an education programme. Duration of sessions The duration of training sessions ranged from ten minutes to sixty minutes. The average duration was forty-five minutes. Six programmes (1, 4, 7a+b, 10a+b) had a training duration of sixty minutes per session. Nrregaard et al. (1997) (3a+b) had a training duration of fifty minutes, whereas Nichols et al. (1994) (6) had forty-five minutes. Two programmes (8,11) chose a duration of thirty minutes whereas Mannerkorpi et al. (2002) (5) had thirty-five minutes. Two programmes (2, 9) started the training duration at ten minutes and increased to fifteen-forty minutes at the end of the programme (Figure 3.5.).  Frequency of programmes The frequency of the training programmes varied. Most common was having an exercise programme lasting twelve weeks (1, 2, 3a+b, 7b, 9). The range was from six weeks (4, 8) to twenty-four weeks (5). A training frequency of three times a week was most common (2, 3a, 6, 9, 11), independently of how many weeks the programme lasted. The range was one time a week (4, 5, 7b) to three times a week (2, 3a, 6, 9, 11). The average amount of training sessions was twenty-five sessions. The range of amount of sessions was one (7a) to sixty-nine (11). There were three training programmes of longer duration. Saltskr Jentoft et al. (2001) (10) trained two times a week for twenty weeks (forty sessions), Gowans et al. (2001) (11) three times a week for twenty-three weeks (69 sessions) and Mannerkorpi et al. (2002) (5) one time a week for twenty-four weeks (twenty-four sessions). Intensity of programmes Intensity of the training programmes ranged from forty percent of maximal heart rate (max HR) to seventy-five percent of max HR. Five programmes (2, 6, 8, 9, 11) exercised at an intensity of between sixty and seventy-five percent of max HR. Nrregaard et al. (1997) (3) exercised at an intensity of forty to fifty percent of max HR. Two programmes (10a+b) had an exercise intensity of sixty to eighty percent of max HR. Four programmes (4, 5, 7a+b) did not state the intensity of the training programme. Richards et al. (2002) (1) had an intensity where patients had a slight sweat but were able to talk comfortably in complete sentences. The most common training intensity was sixty to seventy-five percent of max HR, as thirty-six percent of programmes had this intensity. Group or individual programmes Thirteen of fourteen exercise programmes were held in group exercise sessions. One exercise programme (7a) was performed purely individually. The programme by Ramsay et al. (2000) (7) compared a group exercise programme (7b) with an individual exercise programme (7a). This group performed the exercise programme individually in a non-clinical and unsupervised setting. Five programmes (2, 3a+b, 4, 7b) had additional opportunities for patients to exercise individually or recommendations for patients to do home exercise programmes individually. Equipment Most exercise programmes were performed with the use of equipment. Three programmes (1, 2, 4) made use of treadmills. Three programmes (1, 4, 9) made use of ergometer cycles and many programmes made use of a heated pool for hydrotherapy (2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10b, 11). Two programmes (10a, 11) made use of a gymnastic hall, while Nichols et al. (1994) (6) used an indoor athletics track. Indoor or outdoor programme All exercise programmes were performed indoors, but two programmes (2, 4) were partly performed outdoors. King et al. (2002) (2) recommended walking outdoors if the weather was suitable and Burckhardt et al. (1994) (4) stated that an individual fitness training programme of walking, swimming or cycling could be done outdoors. Supervision In most of the programmes the physiotherapists were responsible for leading the exercise sessions in eight programmes (3a+b, 4, 5, 8, 10a+b, 11). In three programmes (2, 7b, 9) the physiotherapists supervised while fitness instructors led the programmes. Fitness instructors led the exercise programme by Richards et al. (2002) (1) and Nichols et al. (1994) (6) had researchers and volunteers leading their programme. Ramsay et al. (2000) (7) had an unsupervised single session group (7a). Home exercises and follow up Seven of fourteen exercise programmes included instructions for home exercises, or an actual home exercise programme (2, 4, 5, 7a+b, 8, 10a+b). Mannerkorpi et al. (2002) (5) recommended that patients continue hydrotherapy, walking and biking during a follow up period of six and twenty-four months (46). Burckhardt et al. (1994) (4) gave patients an individual fitness-training programme to be done as a home exercise programme. Ramsay et al. (2000) (7) gave instructions to patients of both treatment groups to do the graded aerobic exercise programmes as home exercises as well. There were four (2, 8, 10a+b) exercise programmes that only included recommendations for doing home exercises or recommendations for continuing with follow-up exercises after the completion of the formal exercise programme. King et al. (2002) (2) merely hoped that the patients would continue exercising, without explaining this further. Gowans et al. (1999) (8) recorded what type of aerobic activities the patients were taking part in at follow-up, but gave no formal advice or instructions. 3.5. Comparison of graded aerobic exercise programmes regarding effects on Quality of Life 3.5.1. Introduction This section will compare the graded aerobic exercise programmes regarding their effects on QoL. Many differences and similarities between the graded aerobic exercise programmes were found while describing their characteristics. It was therefore thought that comparing the exercise programmes on the most contradictory findings would give a good indication to which types of exercise programmes give most significant results regarding effects of treatment on QoL for fibromyalgia patients. There were seven contradictions found. The seven contradictions that will be compared are hydrotherapy versus land-based exercise programmes, single activity versus several activity programmes, long-term versus short-term programmes, programmes with home exercises versus programmes with no home exercises, supervised versus unsupervised programmes, group versus individual programmes and finally, exercise programmes combined with an education programme versus no education programme. The characteristics duration, frequency, intensity, number of sessions, structure, choice of indoor or outdoor activities and use of equipment were found to be relatively similar between programmes and therefore non-comparable. All effects of the graded aerobic exercise programmes on QoL have been found by analysing the authors results of the six included measurement tools in this project. The six included measurement tools are explained in depth in section 1.5.4. -1.5.5. Only abbreviated names of the QoL measurement tools will be used in this section. Authors displayed the results of the treatment programmes very differently. QoL was not the main outcome measure of all studies, although QoL was a secondary outcome or part of the outcome of all included studies. The manner of presenting the results of the QoL measurement tools varied greatly between studies. Some, like Burckhardt et al. (1994) (4) displayed the complete FIQ and results of all sub-scales of the questionnaire, while others, like King et al. (2002) (9) only briefly indicated a mean change score for the FIQ and the QOLS. The FIQ was also presented with a different number of items compared to the original description by some authors, for instance Burckhardt et al. (1994) (4). An attempt is made in this section to find effects of treatment by graded aerobic exercise programmes on QoL by way of analysing authors presentation of results. It will be indicated if the graded aerobic exercise programmes have had an effect on the QoL of the patient. The effects are either significantly improved, non-significantly improved or not improved. It will be differentiated between a significantly improved total score and a significantly improved sub-score. Only total scores are compared. A total score is not compared to a sub-score. Where sub-scores are improved, this is mentioned but no sub- scores are compared with one another. A significantly improved total score of a QoL measurement tool shows a more significant improvement of QoL than a significantly improved sub-score. It was decided that numeric scores of the QoL measurement tools could not be compared. This is discussed in section 4.1. It was thought however that a total score of a statistically significant result could be compared between programmes. To show statistically significant results the authors had to present proof that that the effect of treatment was greater than could be reasonably attributed to chance alone. This was done by presenting a p-value. The p-value had to be less than 0.05 for a result to be statistically significant. All authors claiming statistically significant result presented p-values for the results. Of the fourteen exercise programmes, twelve programmes showed improvement regarding QoL. Four of these programmes improved significantly on the total score. 3.5.2. Hydrotherapy versus land-based The seven exercise programmes (2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10b, 11) including hydrotherapy achieved improvements regarding effects on QoL. Six programmes (2, 4, 5, 8, 10b, 11) showed some form of significant improvements on the total score of the measurement outcome or on one or more sub-scores of the relevant measurement tool. King et al. (2002) (2) showed significant main effects for time demonstration on the FIQ. Burckhardt et al. (1994) (4) showed significant favourable differences in four variables on the QOLS; QoL, self-efficacy of function, self-efficacy of pain and self-efficacy for other symptoms. There were significant differences in between-group differences on the total score on the FIQ. Mannerkorpi et al. (2002) (5) presented a significantly improved total score of the FIQ, while the SF-36 improved significantly on the following sub-scales: physical functioning, bodily pain, general health, vitality and social functioning. The pool exercise group of Saltskr Jentoft et al. (2001) (10b) showed statistically significant within-group improvements in pain, daytime fatigue, stiffness, anxiety, depression and the number of days feeling bad in sub-scores of the FIQ. Gowans et al. (2001) (11) demonstrated a significantly improved FIQ total score. Gowans et al. (1999) (8) presented a significantly better score on the FIQ on the sub-scales, days feeling bad and fatigue on waking but these benefits were lost at follow-up. One study (9) achieved no form of significant improvements. The three pure hydrotherapy programmes (5, 8, 10b) achieved improvements regarding effects on QoL. Two studies (5, 10b) demonstrated a significantly improved QoL, with significantly improved total scores on the FIQ and QOLS and also AIMS and SF-36 sub-scales (5) and FIQ sub-scales (10b). Of the combination of hydrotherapy and land-based programmes (2, 4, 9, 11), three of four (2, 4, 11) programmes achieved improved total scores. The improvements in the study by King et al. (2002) (9) were not significant. Only two (7b, 10a) of the six purely land-based programmes (1, 3, 6, 7a+b, 10a) showed any improvements regarding effects of treatment on QoL. The two programmes showing improvement achieved an improvement of the sub-scores, these were the depression component of the HADS (7b) and statistically significant within-group improvements in the daytime fatigue and stiffness sub-scales of the FIQ (10a). Summary Fifty-seven percent (four of seven) of exercise programmes including hydrotherapy achieved significant improvements in the total score of QoL measurement tools. Thirty-three percent of pure hydrotherapy programmes achieved an effect of significantly improved total score for QoL. Seventy-five percent of combination programmes had results of a significantly improved total score for QoL. Land-based programmes showed no significant improvements of total score. No purely land-based graded aerobic exercise programmes showed improvements on QoL total scores. 3.5.3. Single activity versus several activities Five of the 14 programmes (1, 2, 4, 9, 11) had a combination of types of activities, while nine programmes (3a+b, 5, 6, 7a+b, 8, 10a+b), used a single activity type. Of the combination programmes three programmes (2, 4, 11) showed significant improvements on total scores of the FIQ (2, 11) and QOLS (4) regarding effects on QoL. A detailed description is presented in section 3.5.2. Four (5, 7b, 10a+b) of the nine single activity type programmes gained a significant improvement, although three (7b, 10a+b) programmes only improved on sub-scales of the FIQ (10a+b) and the HADS (7b). Only one programme (5) showed a significantly improved total score of the FIQ, and was significantly improved for sub-scales of AIMS and the SF-36 as described in section 3.5.2. Summary Sixty percent of several activity type programmes showed a significantly improved total score on QoL measurement tools. Eleven percent of the single activity type exercise programmes showed a significantly improved total score. 3.5.4. Short-term versus long-term Short-term programmes are in this comparison defined as being of less than twenty weeks duration. Long-term programmes are of more than twenty weeks duration. There were ten (1, 2, 3a+b, 4, 6, 7a+b, 8, 9) short-term exercise programmes included in this project and four long-term exercise programmes (5, 10a+b, 11). Of the short-term graded aerobic exercise programmes, six (1, 2, 4, 7b, 8, 9) had some beneficial effects on QoL. Richards et al. (2002) (1) showed improvement on the FIQ and the physical component summary of the SF-36, although none of these scores were statistically significant. King et al. (2002) (2) demonstrated significant main effects for time on the total score FIQ, while Burckhardt et al. (1994) (4) showed a significantly better score on the total score of the QOLS. The anxiety component of the HADS significantly improved in the aerobic fitness class part of the programme by Ramsay et al. (2000) (7b). Gowans et al. (1999) (8) had a significantly better score on sub-scales days feeling bad and fatigue on waking of the FIQ at post-test, but these benefits were lost at follow up. King et al. (2002) (9) had improved scores on the FIQ and QOLS but none of these were significant. The long-term graded aerobic exercise programmes showed more clearly the beneficial effects regarding the QoL of patients. Mannerkorpi et al. (2002) (5) had a significantly improved total score on the FIQ. There were also significant improvements on the AIMS for depression and the QOLS. The SF-36 improved significantly on the sub-scales physical functioning, bodily pain, general health, vitality and social functioning. At six and twenty-four month follow-up there were still significant improvements compared to baseline for the FIQ and the SF-36 (46). The land-based programme by Saltskr Jentoft et al. (2001) (10a+b) showed statistically significant within-group improvements in the daytime fatigue and stiffness sub-scales of the FIQ and the pool based programme showed statistically significant within-group improvements in pain, daytime fatigue, stiffness, anxiety, depression and the number of days feeling bad sub-scales of the FIQ. Gowans et al. (2001) (11) had a significantly improved FIQ total score with significantly different change scores at twenty-three weeks. Summary In twenty percent of the short-term exercise programmes there was a significant improvement of the total scores of the QoL measurement tools, whereas fifty percent of the long-term programmes achieved significant improvements of the total scores of QoL measurement tools. 3.5.5. Home exercises/follow-up versus no home exercises/follow-up Only four exercise programmes (4, 5, 7a+7b) had formal instructions for a home exercise/follow-up exercise programme and defined these as a part of the treatment programme. Of these four programmes, three (4, 5, 7b) showed statistically significant positive effects on QoL, although only two showed improved total scores. Burckhardt et al. (1994) (4) showed a significantly improved result of the total score of the QOLS and Mannerkorpi et al. (2002) (5) had significant improvements on the QOLS and FIQ total scores and AIMS and SF-36 sub-scales. Ramsay et al. (2000) (7b) had a significant improved anxiety component of the HADS. There were four (2, 8, 10a+b) exercise programmes that only included recommendations for doing home exercises or recommendations for continuing with follow-up exercises after the completion of the formal exercise programme. These four graded aerobic exercise programmes showed some significant improvements in QoL. A statistically significant FIQ total score was achieved by one programme (2), while three (8, 10a+b) achieved statistically improved sub-scale scores. For details of programmes scores on QoL measurement tools. Six graded aerobic exercise programmes (1, 3a+b, 6, 9, 11) do not include home exercises/follow-up. Of these, only one study (11) shows a significantly improved total score on a QoL measurement tool. Summary Fifty percent of exercise programmes with home exercises/follow-up show statistically significant improvements of total scores of QoL measurement tools. Twenty-five percent of exercise programmes that only recommend patients to continue exercising show significantly improved total scores. Only seventeen percent of the exercise programmes without home exercises/follow up achieved a significantly improved total score. 3.5.6. Supervised versus unsupervised All exercise programmes except the single session programme (7a) were supervised. The single session exercise programme had no significant improvements regarding QoL. The supervised programmes had varying degrees of effects on QoL, but many had significant improvements in total scores or sub-scales (2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10b, 11). Four of these (2, 4, 5, 11) had improved total scores. Thirteen exercise programmes had supervised group exercise sessions. There was only one study that compared group exercise sessions to individual sessions. One study (7) compared a 12-week group exercise programme (7b) with a single session group with home exercises (7a). The individual, single session group achieved no significant improvements regarding QoL. Summary Thirty-one percent of supervised group exercise programmes showed improved total scores. An unsupervised single session exercise programme showed no significant improvements. 3.5.7. Group versus individual One (7) study compared a group exercise programme with a single session group. Thirteen programmes had group exercise sessions. There was one individual exercise programme (7a). The individual exercise programme showed no improvements at all regarding QoL. The thirteen group programmes showed varying degrees of improvements regarding QoL. Summary Thirty-one percent of group exercise programmes showed improved total scores. An individual exercise programme showed no significant improvements. 3.5.8. Education versus no education Four exercise programmes were combined with an education programme (2, 4, 5, 8). These programmes achieved significant improvements regarding the QoL of patients. King et al. (2002) (2) demonstrated significant improvement on the FIQ total score. Burckhardt et al. (1994) (4) showed significant positive changes on the FIQ for the exercise only and exercise with education groups, but the exercise and education group showed the most significant changes in the FIQ at follow-up. The QOLS showed significant improvements on the total score. Mannerkorpi et al. (2002) (5) achieved significant improvements on the QOLS total score and on five sub-scores of the SF-36 and six sub-scales of the FIQ and demonstrated that the results were maintained at six- and twenty-four month follow-up. Gowans et al. (1999) (8) showed significant improvements of their exercise and education programme, but these benefits are only partially sustained at a three-month follow-up. Ten graded aerobic exercise programmes did not include an education programme (1, 3a+b, 6, 7a+b, 9, 10, 11). No significant improvements in QoL total score were seen in nine of these (1, 3a+b, 6, 7a+b, 9, 10a+b). One study (11) without an education programme achieved a significantly improved total score on the FIQ. Summary Seventy-five percent of the exercise programmes combined with an education programme achieved significantly improved total scores of QoL measurement tools, whereas sub-scales are improved in a hundred percent of the programmes. Ten percent of graded aerobic exercise programmes without an education programme achieved a significantly improved total score on a QoL measurement tool. CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 4.0. Introduction This chapter will focus on interpreting the results from chapter 3 and finally draw a conclusion from the discussed results. Firstly, interesting points regarding the sub-questions will be discussed. The discussion of the sub-questions hopes to simplify the process of answering the main question of this project, and explain why certain results are found. Most answers to the sub-questions regarding the theory of the project were found while working on chapter 1. However, interesting and unforeseen facts appeared during the course of the project. Lastly, the main question of this project will be discussed. Results of the comparison made of the different aspects of the exercise programmes will be explained. One single treatment programme will not be presented as the most beneficial programme, but characteristics from the treatment programmes that achieved most significant effects on QoL will be presented. It is then thought that a graded aerobic exercise programme containing these characteristics will be beneficial in improving the QoL of patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia. These comparisons were performed in order to structure the process of answering the main question and in order to illustrate similarities and differences between the programmes. To find out what kind of treatment programmes of graded aerobic exercise result in improved QoL for patients diagnosed with the fibromyalgia syndrome, it was thought that a comparison of the existing graded aerobic exercise programmes would highlight which programmes proved to be beneficial. The seven comparisons performed in chapter three with respect to the effects of treatment on QoL are presented in the following paragraph. 1. Hydrotherapy versus land-based 2. Single activity versus several activities 3. Short-term versus long-term 4. Home exercises/follow-up versus no home exercises/follow-up 5. Supervised versus unsupervised 6. Group versus individual 7. Education versus no education The detailed results regarding characteristics of the exercise programmes are described in section 3.4. They were not found to be comparable regarding effects of treatment on QoL because the characteristics were not contradictory. For characteristics to be compared, it was decided that they had to be contradictory. Refer to section 3.5. for a more thorough explanation. The results of non-comparable characteristics such as the duration, frequency, intensity and number of sessions, structure of the programmes, the choice of indoor or outdoor activities and the use of equipment will be discussed in section 4.1.2. Further a reason will be given for why graded aerobic exercise programmes are beneficial in increasing the QoL of fibromyalgia patients. Problems in relation to completing a graded aerobic exercise programme will also be discussed. All results will contribute to answering the main question of this project. Limitations of this project will be discussed and problems encountered in completing the comparison of the graded aerobic exercise programmes will be mentioned. The last section aims to describe the recommendations for further practice and future research. A suggestion of guidelines for physiotherapists regarding the performance of a graded aerobic exercise programme is made. As an aim of this project was also to look for a more cost-effective treatment for the fibromyalgia patient, an emphasis will be placed on looking at ways to reduce the costs of treatment for the patient. Suggestions of how to make the treatment more cost-effective will be presented in the section on recommendations for further practice. Interpreting the results 4.1.1. Discussion of sub-questions Discussion of the methodological quality of included articles; are the graded aerobic exercise programmes evidence based? Articles included in this comparison were methodologically assessed using the PEDro scale. The decision to use the PEDro scale was due to the easy-administered nature of the scale. An informative tutorial on the administration of the scale was available on the PEDro website (44). This tutorial helped in gaining an understanding of the purpose of using a scale to rate clinical trials. The score obtained by the included studies ranged from five to eight of a maximum score of ten. It was common for the group members to disagree regarding the rating of articles. This is discussed further in section 4.3. These scores were respectable, which is an indication that the results of the trials are valid. Therefore it is believed that the findings of this study are evidence based. All included studies were also of a recent date (1994-2002), which indicates the results are relevant for the present time. Table 3.2. presents the PEDro scores of the individual included articles. Discussion of the comparability of the Quality of Life Questionnaires The QoL questionnaires are presented briefly in table 1.3. and 1.4. As shown in this presentation and discussed in section 4.3. it was not possible to compare the QoL measurement tools with one another directly, regarding the numeric score. The QoL questionnaires were found to be generally comparable though, because they all cover the participation level of the International Classification of Function (ICF). They all suit into the QoL framework chosen for this comparison and they all contain questions regarded as relevant for fibromyalgia patients. They are all validated in English and Norwegian and the outcomes of the questionnaires are therefore regarded as applicable for Norwegian fibromyalgia patients. The scoring system of the questionnaires varied, with some questionnaires having few items and a low score and some having many items and a high score. The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) for instance, had one hundred and thirty-six items, while the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) only had fourteen items. The total scores in numbers could therefore not be compared. Most authors only stated the results of these QoL measurement tools as improved, significantly improved or not improved/unchanged and did not give a numeric score. These terms were thought to be comparable. It was thought that when one author stated a result was significantly improved, it could be compared to the same finding in another study. Refer to section 3.5.1. for a description of how a set p-value decides the significance of a result. It was believed that a score of an improved or significantly improved total score of one questionnaire could be compared to the same result of another questionnaire. The programmes scores of the separate questionnaires were mentioned in table 3.3. and sections 3.5.2.-3.5.8. 4.1.2. Discussion of the main question Which treatment programmes of graded aerobic exercise result in improved Quality of Life for patients diagnosed with the fibromyalgia syndrome based on evidence based literature? There were certain characteristics of graded aerobic exercise programmes that proved to be beneficial in improving the QoL of fibromyalgia patients. Certain characteristics of graded aerobic exercise programmes proved not to be beneficial, or less beneficial in regards to improving QoL. The characteristics have been compared to each another in section 3.5. Seven results of the comparisons of characteristics of the graded aerobic exercise programmes and their effects on QoL will be presented in this section. Discussion of comparable characteristics Hydrotherapy versus land- based As is presented in section 3.5.2 graded aerobic hydrotherapy proved to be beneficial when compared to land-based graded aerobic exercises. The combination of land-based and hydrotherapy seemed to especially beneficial, as seventy-five percent of these combination programmes achieved improved QoL. There are several explanations for this. Mannerkorpi et al. (2002) (5) stated that the main themes in patients experiences of the programme were the importance of sharing experiences of symptoms and difficulties with other patients and the sense of pleasure during exercising in a pool. In this study the majority of patients reported that they had made positive changes to their lifestyle. Mannerkorpi et al. (2002) (5) also found that physical exercise performed in a temperate pool was a suitable treatment modality in fibromyalgia syndrome, providing opportunities for the individual adjustment of exercise to perceived pain and fatigue. Saltskr Jentoft et al. (2001) (10) found that exercise in a warm-water pool may have positive effects on self-reported physical impairment and symptoms such as pain, depression and anxiety compared with exercise performed in a gymnasium. King et al. (2002) (2) suggested that during the winter months exercising in a local community pool can be beneficial. In Norway this may be an alternative of exercising in the winter months due to the cold climate. This might make it possible to exercise all year round and in that way improve the QoL. The feeling of pleasure of exercising in water and the social benefits of exercising in a hydrotherapy group may give additional positive effects on QoL. Single activity versus several activities Section 3.5.3. showed that several activities used in a graded aerobic exercise programme was more beneficial than using single activities. Only thirty-three percent of single activity programmes achieved a significantly increased QoL while seventy-five percent of programmes including several activities resulted in a significantly increased QoL. It is thought that exercising with a single activity is experienced as boring for the patients and exercising in a stereotyped pattern may be experienced as non-beneficial by the patients. Nichols et al. (1994) (6) reported a lack of significant improvements in QoL and a high drop out rate using a walking programme only. This study also suggested further research for other types of aerobic exercises for use with this patient population. Nrregaard et al. (1997) (3) stated that most exercise studies have used only ergometer cycle exercise training. In their experience many patients who have tried this form of exercise find it to be very boring. Short-term versus long-term As is presented in section 3.5.4. it was found that short-term graded aerobic exercise programmes had a beneficial effect in improving QoL, but long-term exercise programmes had the most significant positive effects on QoL. In this project short-term exercise programmes were defined as having duration less than twenty weeks and long-term exercise programmes had duration of more than twenty weeks refer to section 3.4.3. Gowans et al. (1999) (8) demonstrated that short-term exercise programmes for patients might have immediate benefits that are partially sustained at three-month follow-up. Burckhardt et al. (1994) (4) however, reported after a six-week exercise programme that changes in QoL were smaller and more delayed than had been expected and recommend that future trials include a long-term follow-up. Regarding long-term programmes, Mannerkorpi et al. (2000) (5) found significant objective and subjective improvements in QoL after their patients had participated in a six-month graded aerobic exercise programme. It is thought that long-term graded aerobic exercises programmes are beneficial because they allow the patients to adapt to the changes brought about by exercising and give them the opportunity to integrate exercises into their daily life. By taking part in a long-term programme it is thought that the patients will receive regular encouragement from other members of the group as well as the physiotherapist. This is likely to be experienced as stimulating and make the patients more motivated for training. Home exercises /follow-up versus no home exercises / follow-up It is interesting to note that only half of graded aerobic exercise programmes combined with home exercise programmes and/or follow-up programmes produce significant results regarding improvements in QoL. Refer to section 3.5.5 for details. This is thought to be because the patients did not comply with their home exercise programme and because the physiotherapists did not give clear enough instructions. Burckhardt et al. (1994) (4) stated that the home exercise group did not take much responsibility for doing exercises or making other changes outside the classroom. The authors did not actually assess how often the patients did their home exercises. Mannerkorpi et al. (2000) (5) however had clear instructions for patients that they must increase their physical activity. In this study, half of the patients increased their level of physical training (mainly-low intensity walking outdoors) during and after the exercise programme. Ramsay et al. (2000) (7) stated that after a twelve-week exercise programme seventy-two per cent of patients receiving regular follow-up in an exercise class were doing their home exercises, whereas only half of the patients taking part in an unsupervised home exercise programme were doing their exercises. It is thought therefore that if the physiotherapists give clear and informative instructions and combine this with a regular follow up, the patients will comply to a greater extent with the home exercise protocol, which is important if increased QoL is to be expected. Gowans et al. (1999) (8) suggested designing studies to identify strategies that promote exercise adherence once supervised exercise programmes have ended if exercise is to become a successful long-term intervention for fibromyalgia. Supervised versus unsupervised As presented in section 3.5.6. graded aerobic exercise programmes using supervision showed greater benefits in improving QoL than an unsupervised home exercise programme. The unsupervised single session group of Ramsay et al. (2000) (7) demonstrated no improvements in QoL. All other exercise programmes analysed in this comparison have been supervised and they have shown varying degrees of effects on QoL. Some studies have gained significant improvements in QoL. This, and the fact that all authors chose a supervised graded aerobic exercise programme from the start leads to the belief that graded aerobic exercise programmes need to be supervised in some manner. For instance Gowans et al. (1999) (8) stated that reductions in exercise adherence has been documented in other samples of fibromyalgia patients once supervised exercise programmes have ended. Mannerkorpi et al. (2000) (5) stated that a supervised exercise programme appears to be needed to achieve results in the form of changes in lifestyle. It is therefore thought that regular supervision from the physiotherapist is needed if the patients are aiming at improving their QoL through taking part in a graded aerobic exercise programme. Group versus individual Graded aerobic exercise programmes performed in groups were found to be beneficial regarding effects on QoL compared to individual exercise programmes. Refer to section 3.5.7. Mannerkorpi et al. (2002) (5) stated that patients felt it was important to share experiences of their symptoms and difficulties with other patients and that they felt a sense of pleasure during exercising in a group. It is thought that having the chance to share difficulties with fellow patients helps in motivating the patients. The fact that thirteen of fourteen exercise programmes were performed in groups is a justification for reasoning that this is beneficial. Obviously the authors knew before conducting the clinical trials that treatment of fibromyalgia patients within a group setting of graded aerobic exercise programmes is more beneficial than an individual programme. Education versus no education As found in section 3.5.8. seventy-five percent of graded aerobic exercise programmes in combination with a patient education programme proved to be beneficial in improving the QoL of patients diagnosed with the fibromyalgia syndrome. Burckhardt et al. (1994) (4) stated that patient education has long been an important part of rheumatic disease care and that patients find the education beneficial to their ability to cope with a chronic disease. One example of why it is thought to be important to combine a graded aerobic exercise programme with an education programme is because many patients have been sedentary for a long while before starting exercising and experience initial exercise pain. This initial pain is sometimes experienced as a worsening of the syndrome. It is important to explain that this pain is not a worsening of the actual syndrome, but just a reaction of the body to the changes induced by exercise. The patient must understand the importance of continuing the exercise programme, as this pain will disappear after the body adapts to the changes of exercise, and give way to the physical benefits experienced during and after exercise. Discussion of non-comparable characteristics In the following section seven non-comparable characteristics of the exercise programmes will be discussed. These characteristics were found non-comparable regarding effects on QoL. The characteristics to be discussed are the duration, frequency, intensity and number of sessions, structure of the exercise programmes, the choice of exercising indoors or outdoors and the use of equipment. Duration, frequency, number of sessions and intensity Regarding duration of sessions, it was clear that all programmes chose a duration ending between thirty and sixty minutes, often after a gradual increase. Refer to section 3.4. and figure 3.5. for details. Because exercise programmes varied in frequency of training and number of sessions it was found impossible to compare the effects of a specified duration on QoL. It seems that authors believe a training duration of thirty minutes and over is needed to achieve benefits of exercise. As the training duration averaged forty-five minutes, this can be thought to be a reasonable duration of choice for a future graded aerobic exercise programme if improvements in QoL are expected. It is thought that the duration of sessions is not as important in influencing QoL as the frequency of training and number of sessions. Refer to section 3.4. It is believed that exercising regularly for a long time period is what gives results in improved QoL. With regularly it is meant two or three times a week. The average frequency of training was three times a week for twelve weeks, totalling thirty-six sessions. It is believed that this training frequency is beneficial in improving QoL. Two of four long-term programmes (5, 10a+b, 11) however, achieved statistically significant improvements of QoL. These programmes lasted for more than twenty weeks, but the training frequency varied from one time a week to three times per week. It was not possible to record a difference in effect on QoL between the programme exercising once a week (5) (twenty-four sessions), the programmes exercising twice a week (10a+b) (forty sessions) and the programme exercising three times a week (11) (sixty-nine sessions). From this it is thought that exercising two to three times a week for at least six moths is beneficial in improving QoL of fibromyalgia patients. It must be added however, that exercising three times a week for twelve weeks also gives significant improvements of QoL. Regarding the intensity of the treatment programmes it was most common to exercise within sixty to seventy five percent of maximal heart rate (max HR) during the exercise part of the programme. The HR was lower during warming up and cooling down and stretching. This is described in section 3.4.3. There were different suggestions of intensity but it was impossible to compare the effects of treatment based on intensity, given the amount of variables in each programme. Structure of the exercise programme The structure of the exercise programmes seemed to be mostly similar and therefore non-comparable. It was not possible to detect large contradictions between structures that could influence the treatment outcome significantly. Refer to table 3.5. for a detailed structure of the exercise programmes. Thirteen of fourteen programmes had the form of a group with a physiotherapist (PT) or fitness instructor leading, as explained in section 3.5.6. and table 3.5. Most programmes had a warm-up or stretching part, then an exercise part and finally a cool-down or stretching part. This structure was similar for land-based and hydrotherapy programmes. Although exercises were individualised, the PT had the responsibility of the exercise programme. The patients did not receive much responsibility during the group sessions. The patients were however given responsibility for completing their home exercises (4, 5, 7a+b). Most programmes were structured with a gradual increase in duration and intensity with the PT helping to individualise and modify the activities. This is thought to be a relatively costly exercise structure, because the patient is dependent on a PT to lead every exercise session. This structure does not help in increasing the independence of the patients, as they are dependent on the PT every session to individualise and modify their activities. If it is aimed at decreasing the costs of treatment for fibromyalgia patients and increasing their independence, this training structure could be changed. It seems sensible to hand the responsibility of exercising over to the patient after a thorough explanation of how the exercises can be performed graded and the importance of grading. If the patient can accept more responsibility, she/he will not be dependent on the PT to such a great extent. Choice of exercising indoors or outdoors Because all exercise programmes were performed mostly indoors it is difficult to compare the effects of exercising indoors and outdoors. Refer to table 3.5. Two exercise programmes (2, 4) recommended exercising partly outdoors. They did not, however, state how many patients actually exercised outdoors. Because of the considerable problem of compliance to the graded aerobic exercise programmes, as described in section 3.1. and shown figure 3.1., it is interesting to look for characteristics of exercise programmes that might improve the rate of compliance. It is thought that exercising outdoors will be a stimulating experience for the patient and will make a welcomed change to a routine of exercising indoors, like for instance cycling indoors on a stationary ergometer cycle. If a patient can exercise at least partly outdoors this might also reduce the costs of treatment, as he/she would not have to go to a physiotherapy practice or gym, which both involve costs for the patient. The use of equipment The indoor programmes made use of expensive equipment such as treadmills and ergometer cycles. Refer to table 3.5. One study made use of an indoor athletics track (6). It is questionable whether this equipment use is really necessary. It is thought more sensible and indeed cheaper and more stimulating for the patient to walk or cycle outside on a road, in a park or in a forest. The use of a heated indoor pool seems to be beneficial and necessary though, although this form of exercising involves costs for the patient. Refer to section 3.5.2. It is believed especially that in the winter months and on cold days, a visit to a heated pool may be a good idea for fibromyalgia patients. Discussion of problems in relation to completing a graded aerobic exercise programme There are several reasons for why fibromyalgia patients achieve varying results of improvement regarding QoL, as seen on scores of QoL measurement tools, after treatment with a graded aerobic exercise programme. An example of a QoL measurement tool is presented in appendix 4. The reasons are not purely dependent on the exercise programme, as the patient has to take a great responsibility for his/her own treatment. One of the reasons for the varying results is that fibromyalgia patients show a trend toward a low compliance rate, with high drop out rates in both experimental- and control groups. Another reason is that they are often not motivated for exercising. Compliance Studies indicate that compliance of fibromyalgia patients is low (1, 3). Fear of aggravating their fibromyalgia syndrome symptoms leads to a low rate of participants in studies concerning graded aerobic exercises. The low percentage of volunteers and the high percentage of withdrawals illustrate the difficulty in treating the fibromyalgia syndrome with graded aerobic exercise (3). A study by King et al. (2002) (2) had a forty-four percent drop out rate and this clearly illustrates this fact. This high drop out rate may have a connection with the fact that the participants had a strong desire to be in a specific group and that some stated that they already knew a lot about the condition. Other participants expressed that they were anxious to be in an exercise group or did not want to participate in the exercises at all. King et al. (2002) (2) showed a drop out of fifty percent in the control group. This fact may be due to lack of communication with researchers; the control group was contacted once or twice by phone during the course of the study. Subjects were told to keep a logbook, but no individual guidance was given. Ramsay et al. (2000) (7) demonstrated that the drop out rate was so high that authors even questioned the general view that aerobic exercise programmes are a major useful treatment for fibromyalgia. Richards et al. (2002) (1) stated that compliance is a considerable problem giving high drop out rates. Reasons for this are the initial increases in pain and stiffness immediately after exercise and patients believing that exercise worsens the condition. Mannerkorpi et al. (2002) (5) presented a low drop out rate. This may be due to patients expressing the importance of sharing experiences of symptoms and difficulties with other patients and sense of pleasure during exercising in a group. It is clear that exercising in a group and having frequent contact with the physiotherapist is beneficial for ensuring compliance to the treatment programme. Motivation Nichols et al. (6) reported that the chronic fatigue in individuals with the fibromyalgia syndrome results in a relatively sedentary lifestyle. This lifestyle may lead to fibromyalgia patients refraining from exercising. Patients applying for a pension might not be motivated for training (3). Sixty-two percent of the patient population in a study (4) were sick listed at least part time from their work with full benefits. This may contribute to the patient being pleased with the current situation and contribute to him/her not wanting the fibromyalgia symptoms to decrease. After all, if fibromyalgia symptoms persist, the patient will continue to receive full benefits while sick-listed from work. Five studies (1, 3, 4, 8, 11) included patients that were largely unemployed and were applying for a disability pension. 4.2. Conclusion By conducting this project it has been possible to present recent evidence that graded aerobic exercise programmes have an effect on improving the QoL of patients with fibromyalgia, although research in this field is somewhat inconclusive. In this project, patients participating in twelve of fourteen graded aerobic exercise programmes showed improvements regarding QoL, although only four programmes showed significant improvements in the total score of the QoL measurement tool. Many graded aerobic exercise programmes exist and several of these are not evidence based. The programmes included in this project are evidence based. The research included in this project is of a respectable methodological quality, which gives reason to believe that the findings of the project are valid. The QoL measurement tools used by authors of included studies in this project are to some extent comparable. It is possible to compare effects of improved total scores of the QoL measurement tools. Most significant improvements in QoL of fibromyalgia patients are seen in exercise programmes including patient education, in several activity type programmes and in programmes including hydrotherapy. Especially the combination of hydrotherapy with land-based exercises has significant effects. Long-term programmes and programmes including home exercises or follow-up also have some significant effects on QoL. Supervised programmes and programmes performed in groups show beneficial effects on QoL. Most graded aerobic exercise programmes in this project had a similar structure of a warming up and stretching period first, an exercise part where heart rate reached sixty to seventy-five percent of maximal and lastly a cool down and stretching period. The most common characteristics of the graded aerobic exercise programmes for fibromyalgia patients are a training frequency of three times per week for twelve weeks, with a duration of forty-five minutes and an intensity of sixty to seventy-five percent of maximal heart rate. The average number of sessions is twenty-five. The most common activities performed in a graded aerobic exercise programme are hydrotherapy, walking and exercises. All exercise programmes in this project are indoor-based and most make use of expensive equipment. In addition to the evidence based findings, it became clear while working on this project that there was a considerable problem of non-compliance for fibromyalgia patients taking part in all the included exercise programmes. It was found that fibromyalgia patients have problems in completing a graded aerobic exercise programme because of a lack of motivation. Fear of aggravating their fibromyalgia syndrome symptoms through exercise leads to a low rate of participants and a high rate of drop out in studies concerning graded aerobic exercise programmes (3). Supervision by a physiotherapist and exercising in a group was found to stimulate compliance. A graded aerobic exercise programme may contribute to reduce costs of physiotherapy treatment for fibromyalgia patients. 4.3. Limitations and Recommendations 4.3.1. Limitations of this project The Norwegian database Bibsys was used to search for Norwegian articles. The database did not provide abstracts at all. Abstracts or full text articles could only be purchased. This would have lead to a considerable increase in costs relating to those indicated in the project plan. The fact that no Norwegian articles were found represents a limitation for the project. Several Norwegian researchers are well-known specialists in the field of fibromyalgia. By reviewing their work more information about recent research in Norway could have been obtained. The group tried to contact specialists in Norway in order to obtain relevant information on the fibromyalgia syndrome, but no contact was obtained. However, information about the fibromyalgia syndrome was easily accessible on the Internet and in medical journals. Searching for information about graded aerobic exercise programmes proved to be a difficult task. The term is relatively recent and not used by many authors. The concept of graded aerobic exercise is widely used, but the terminology differs. Terminology such as gradually increasing aerobic exercises, progressive aerobic exercises, low intensity aerobic exercises and steadily increasing individualised aerobic exercises was used. These terms were interpreted to be graded aerobic exercises and also the programmes suited the definition of graded aerobic exercise programmes used in this comparison. It is a limitation of the project that only eleven evidence based studies were included, when considering the amount of information about fibromyalgia and exercise. This might be because of the conflicting terminology regarding graded aerobic exercises. The fact that only eleven studies were included also presented a limitation for the comparison of the exercise programmes. For instance, for two comparisons there was no real comparison because there was only one programme that could be compared against thirteen others. Refer to section 3.5. This can produce a biased result. The high drop out rate of patients participating in the studies can influence the results. All studies had a drop out rate of fifteen percent and greater; refer to figure 3.1, which means there is great chance of bias. The group is relatively inexperienced in conducting a scientific research. This may lead to potential bias in this project. In the process of determining the methodological quality of the articles the PEDro scale was used. Literature concerning the scale was reviewed, but the inexperience of the group may have led to inaccurate results of the PEDro score. None of the group members were experienced in writing a scientific evidence based research report. If more experience had existed in the group, time could have been spent more efficiently on the actual process of conducting the research itself. Presenting and interpreting the results from the studies was considered especially challenging, because it was difficult to extract the relevant information from the articles. Often this was because the authors did not emphasise the outcomes of interest and because negative or insignificant results were attempted concealed. Authors had different ways of presenting QoL measurement scores. Some explained all sub-scales of the tool used in depth, while others only briefly mentioned the result in one sentence. This made comparing the results of the QoL measurement tools very challenging. Some studies had QoL as a primary outcome measure whereas others had QoL as a secondary outcome measure. This may have produced bias in the interpretation of results. It was a limitation of the results of the project that the total scores of the QoL measurement tools could only be presented as significantly improved (+), improved but not significantly (o) and not improved (-) instead of a numeric score. Finally, most of the included studies carried out research on women only. Therefore the knowledge of the effects of graded aerobic exercise programmes on the QoL of men is limited, and the results of this comparison cannot automatically be transferred to a male population. During the process of developing the report some adjustments had to be made in the project plan. According to in- and exclusion criteria in the project plan only randomised controlled trials could be included. This resulted in excluding articles that reported effects of treatment with graded aerobic exercise programmes on QoL. Two studies were included despite the fact that they were lacking a control group (7,10). The Nottingham Health Profile and EQ5D QoL measurement tools were not used in any of the articles found in the first search phase. Therefore, these two measurement tools were no longer considered as measurement tools of interest in the later phases of this study. However, they were kept on the list of inclusion criteria as they are of high quality and validity, so future articles containing either would still be considered applicable. One of the inclusion criteria in the project plan was that the age of the patient should be between twenty-five and fifty-five years. It became clear that this was limiting the number of included articles as most literature had a patient population between eighteen-seventy years of age. The inclusion criteria were therefore changed to match this age group. Consequently the data extraction checklist was changed. 4.3.2. Recommendations for further practice Based on the findings of this report it is clear that a graded aerobic exercise programme is recommended for increasing the QoL of fibromyalgia patients, as long as the programmes has certain characteristics and comply to the treatment. Refer to table 3.3. and section 3.5.2-3.5.8. As mentioned compliance is a considerable problem for patients with fibromyalgia, refer to figure 3.1. and discussion. It is therefore important that the exercise programme incorporates several activities, refer to section 3.5.3. We recommend that exercises are of a simple, stimulating nature, but that they are not too intensive as this has been found to provoke symptoms, as described in section 1.6.5. The exercises can preferably be carried out both indoors and outdoors, as is explained in the discussion. We suggest that the patient should have follow-up appointments with the physiotherapist every month for twelve months to stimulate compliance and so that the graded aerobic exercise programme can be modified. The physiotherapist can at this time also record any changes or progress in the patient by using a valid QoL measurement tool. This will indicate if the graded aerobic exercise programme is having a beneficial effect on the QoL of the patient. After this twelve-month period it is hoped that the patient would have been stimulated to continue exercising regularly without supervision of the physiotherapist. In order to stimulate compliance, this exercise programme should consist of activities that can easily be graded, are enjoyable and can easily be fitted into the patients daily schedule. Walking and cycling are activities that can be easily graded and that are used in current graded aerobic exercise programmes as home exercises or follow-up exercises, refer to table 3.5. The patient should be allowed to choose the activities that she/he would like to incorporate into the program. The treatment of people with fibromyalgia is a long-term process and the patient plays a great part in her/his own treatment. An emphasis on adopting a physically active lifestyle of promoting exercise as a part of everyday life is essential for this patient group. The patient must take responsibility for his/her own treatment. To achieve this the exercises should be carried out in the patients surroundings or local community. When the weather is bad and in the cold winter months we suggest that patients can go to a heated pool, or perform an individual exercise programme indoors in their own home. Many towns have heated pools in combination with rehabilitation centres, hospitals, training centres or physiotherapy clinics that patients can rent for a certain time without having to arrange a treatment session with a physiotherapist. It is recommended for the patient to participate in hydrotherapy because in this project seventy-five percent of exercise programmes with a combination of hydrotherapy and land-based activities achieved significant improvements regarding effect on QoL, refer to section 3.5.2. It is important that the patients exercise together with someone or in a small group, refer to section 3.5.7 and discussion. Patients enjoy participating in exercise sessions and enjoy the group support they receive during sessions. Group therapy provides an opportunity for them to talk about their condition (5). The physiotherapist should recommend this to patients when they initially meet, and the physiotherapist could play a part in arranging a suitable group. It is important that the group members agree to motivate each other instead of dragging each other down. A suggestion is for the group members to draw up a written contract with rules of suitable and unsuitable behaviour regarding how to encourage and motivate each other. Patient education seems to have benefits for fibromyalgia patients. It is important that the patients have knowledge about their syndrome and understands the effects of exercise on their condition. They should be explained the importance of starting to exercise gradually so that the body has time to adapt to the changes it goes through after starting exercise. The patients should also be given time to get used to the thought that she/he is from now on going to exercise regularly for life, as this will mean changing a habit of a sedentary lifestyle. We recommend that the patients receive a home exercise programme from the physiotherapist to be performed for thirty to forty-five minutes, three times per week for at least twelve months according to the graded aerobic principle of starting slowly and gradually increasing in duration and intensity. This is based on findings from the results of the data extraction regarding the graded aerobic exercise programmes, refer to table 3.5. As a suggestion of activities, the patient can walk or jog slowly, go for a bicycle ride and visit a heated pool. These activities should be alternated. These are common activities used by the studies included in this project. If the patient wishes, walking and cycling can be performed outside in the local community. We anticipate that going for a walk in a local park or forest with some friends or fellow fibromyalgia patients (or a dog!) is much more stimulating than walking indoors on a treadmill or back and forth inside a gymnasium. In addition, as Norwegian patients with fibromyalgia do not receive any coverage of for costs of treatment it is important that the treatment is inexpensive. When exercises can be performed outdoors, the costs for the patients are minimal. 4.3.3. Recommendations for future research Compliance of fibromyalgia patients is low. Future research therefore needs to focus on strategies to encourage and promote compliance with a graded aerobic exercise treatment programme. Follow-up research over more than two years is also suggested in order to gain an impression on the relation between QoL and graded aerobic exercises on a long-term basis. Recent research shows that more men are diagnosed with the fibromyalgia syndrome. We therefore suggest more extensive research on this development. The majority of articles included use QoL as a secondary outcome measure. Pain and number of tender points are often the primary outcome measure. It would be interesting to conduct a clinical study of graded aerobic exercise programmes with QoL as a primary outcome. This might result in more specific information regarding this outcome measure. The graded aerobic exercise programmes used in this comparison were mostly performed indoors. We therefore recommend more extensive research into outdoor graded aerobic exercise programmes in order to examine the possibility of reducing the high drop out rate and in order to examine the possibility of reducing patient costs additionally. BIBLIOGRAPHY Richards SCM, Scott. Prescribed exercise in people with fibromyalgia: parallel group randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2002;325:185. King SJ, Wessel J, Bhambhani Y, Sholter D, Maksymowych W. 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A comparison of agreement and sensitivity to change between AIMS2 and a short form of AIMS2 (AIMS2-SF) in more than 1,000 rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Rheumatol. 2000 Dec;27(12):2810-2816. Burckhardt CS, Clark SR, Bennett RM, The fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire: Development and validation. J Rheumatol 1991;18:728-733. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983 Jun;67(6):361-370. Meenan RF, Mason JH, Anderson JJ, Kazis LE: AIMS 2. The content and properties of a revised Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales Health Status Questionnaire. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:1-10.  HYPERLINK "http://www.nrrk.diakonsyk.no/forskning/dokumentasjon/instrumenter.html" http://www.nrrk.diakonsyk.no/forskning/dokumentasjon/instrumenter.html Date: 29.04.03. vanSanten M, Bolwijn P, Landew R, Verstappen F, Bakker C, Hiddind A, et al. High or Low Intensity Aerobic Fitness Training in Fibromyalgia: Does It Matter? The Journal of Rheumatology 2002;29:582-587.  HYPERLINK "http://ptwww.cchs.usyd.edu.au/pedro/scaleitems.html" http://ptwww.cchs.usyd.edu.au/pedro/scaleitems.html Date 11.05.03. Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of Clinical Research: applications to practise. Connecticut: Appelton & Lange;1993. Mannerkorpi K, Ahlmn M, Ekdahl C. Six- and 24-month follow-up of pool exercise therapy and education for patients with fibromyalgia. Scandinavian Journal Rheumatology 2002;31:306-310. Wigers SH. Hvor str vi i dag? Revmatikeren 2002;7:18-19. APPENDICES Appendix 1: Project plan Appendix 2: PEDro scale Appendix 3: Search strategy Appendix 4: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire APPENDIX 1 PROJECT PLAN 0. Project Title: A comparison of existing graded aerobic exercise programmes for patients diagnosed with the fibromyalgia syndrome. 0.2 Kathrine Ndland Marte Marie Haug Randi A. Riise Sophie E. Steenstrup E-mail for the group: fibromyalgia@hotmail.com Date: 10.04.2003, definite version. 1. Project leader / Commissioner Responsible for the project: Fontys University of Higher Professional Education. Department of Physiotherapy. 1.2. Names of the supervisory teachers from the Department: General supervisor: Ineke Smits Methodological supervisor: Eveline Wouters 2. Definition of the problem 2.1. Background The fibromyalgia syndrome is one of the many chronic musculoskeletal disorders seen today. In Norway the number of patients receiving the diagnosis of fibromyalgia is growing. These disorders are one of the main causes of the rise in people receiving work benefit or on sick leave and this patient group therefore plays a role in increasing the costs of living for society. For this reason the fibromyalgia syndrome is receiving increased amounts of attention from healthcare workers, politicians and researchers. In Norway, fibromyalgia patients have to pay for physiotherapy treatment themselves. As with other chronic disorders, the physiotherapy treatment of the fibromyalgia syndrome is of long duration. This means that the costs covered by the Norwegian patients are high. Quality of Life (QoL) is a term commonly used when describing the feeling of life satisfaction or feeling of well being when dealing with fibromyalgia patients. Patients with fibromyalgia often have a reduced QoL. It is thought that this can be a reason for why they no longer are able to work. Not being able to work can also result in a reduced QoL. It is of interest for society to find ways in which these patients can be reinstated into the work force. The prevalence of the fibromyalgia syndrome is greatest between the ages 25-551 and the clinical picture seems alike for these patients. Among the patients diagnosed, 90% are women. Health care workers define the fibromyalgia syndrome as either a disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) or as a bio psychosocial disorder. In the model of the fibromyalgia syndrome as a problem of the CNS, the treatment is by medication. Treatment of the fibromyalgia syndrome as a bio psychosocial disorder is multidisciplinary and physiotherapy plays an important part in this treatment process1. It is beyond the scope of the project to describe the psychological aspect of fibromyalgia or to delve into the psychological treatment approach. Many physiotherapists in Norway will deal with patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome. Recent developments in the field of physiotherapy point to an active rather than a passive approach to treatment of patients. An active treatment approach is where the patient himself performs an exercise or an exercise programme. There are several types of active approaches and exercise programmes and one of them is a graded aerobic exercise programme. As a physiotherapy treatment programme for the fibromyalgia patient, graded aerobic exercise programmes individually suited to each patient are shown to have beneficial effects3. For fibromyalgia patients it is important to build up the exercises gradually. This means that the exercise begins at a low level and increases very slowly in intensity. The graded aerobic exercise programme is shown to decrease tiredness and pain and increase cardiovascular fitness and the feeling of well being. Overtraining, i.e. exaggerating an exercise, aerobic or anaerobic, increases pain3. Many exercise programmes are therefore based on graded aerobic exercises. The patient can perform the active exercise programme independently and in a non-physiotherapy setting, for example at home or outside. This active approach entitles the patient to be independent of the physiotherapist and be responsible for his own treatment. This is thought to be beneficial, not only because it will reduce costs for the patient, but the behavioural level of the patient will be influenced as well. The behaviour of the patient will be focused on living an active and independent life. A feeling of independence and the ability to handle responsibility is important for the fibromyalgia patient. Patients are often misunderstood by the community as a result of the complexity of their problems. Regaining a satisfactory QoL is an essential factor in their lives. In recent years there has been extensive research on the subject of graded aerobic exercises as a physiotherapy treatment for patients with fibromyalgia. Consequently there are a great number of treatment suggestions and programmes concerning graded aerobic exercises. It is not known how many of these are evidence based, what the differences are between them or which programmes show outcome measures in the form of increased QoL. 2.2 Problem definition Choosing evidence based graded aerobic exercise programmes in the physiotherapy treatment of fibromyalgia patients is problematic. 2.3 Presentation of the questions Main question: Which treatment programmes of graded aerobic exercise result in improved Quality of Life for patients diagnosed with the fibromyalgia syndrome based on evidence based literature? Sub-questions: What is the fibromyalgia syndrome? What are graded aerobic exercises? Which existing graded aerobic exercise programmes are available? Are the existing graded aerobic exercise programmes evidence based? What are the differences between the existing graded aerobic exercise programmes? 6. Are the Quality of Life questionnaires comparable? 2.4 Working definitions Aerobic exercise: Aerobic or endurance exercise such as swimming, jogging, fast walking, and biking results in several recognisable changes in skeletal muscles. The changes result in more efficient muscle metabolism and in greater endurance strength and resistance to fatigue . During prolonged light exercise, energy is obtained from the aerobic system. During heavy exercise, by contrast, part of the energy is always obtained from the anaerobic system . Graded Aerobic Exercise: Aerobic exercise that begins at a low level and increases very slowly in intensity. Evidence Based Literature: Literature where current best evidence about treatment is documented according to Evidence Based Medicine. Evidence Based Medicine: The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. Practice of Evidence Based Medicine means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external evidence from systematic search. Exercise Programme: A combination of exercises performed. An aerobic exercise programme can combine activities such as walking, jogging, running, cycling, swimming, hydrotherapy sessions and other activities. The exercise programme can also consist of just one activity performed regularly, such as taking part in a swimming group. An exercise programme can be performed individually or in groups, supervised or unsupervised. Fibromyalgia: Fibromyalgia is considered a syndrome. Fibromyalgia is a non-articular rheumatic syndrome in which there is widespread loco-motor pain, fatigue and non-refreshing sleep. There is an absence of clinical and laboratory evidence of actual joint disease, and no clear abnormality in the physiology of the affected tissue. The official definition for patients to be admitted into a clinical study requires that tender points must be present in all four quadrants of the body; that is, the upper right and left and lower right and left parts of the patients body. The patient must have had widespread, more or less continuous pain for at least three months. Because it occurs in pairs, the pain is usually distributed equally on both sides of the body. Quality of Life The term Quality of Life is, as is health, polyvalent, and cannot be defined distinctly. Both concepts reflect different aspects of well being, but Quality of Life has an appreciably broader content. Quality of Life questionnaire: Measurement tool for measuring Quality of Life in fibromyalgia patients. 3. Objectives A report based on evidence based research that will state specifically which graded aerobic exercises or graded aerobic exercise programmes are beneficial for improving the Quality of Life for patients diagnosed with the fibromyalgia syndrome. 4. Project products - Project report - Oral presentation 5. Method The first stage of the project will consist of searching the Internet and libraries for suitable journals and articles. Specific key words and in- and exclusion criteria will be used to narrow the search for relevant literature. The literature will be ordered from central libraries. In stage two article references will be checked to find any studies overlooked in the previous search. These articles will be searched for on the Internet and ordered from central libraries. In stage three the literature will be analysed according to the PEDro scale (methodological validity assessment scale) and data extraction will take place. A data extraction checklist is made to filter out relevant information from the literature (appendix 2). The information regarding the treatment programmes and outcomes will be compared. Any similarities and/or differences will be noted. The findings will be recorded and presented as results in the project report. Literature search in different sources: Databases: Medline, Cochrane, Cinahl, Pedro, Doconline, Pubmed, PiCarta. KEYWORDS */**EnglishNorwegianFibromyalgia Physiotherapy Treatment Symptoms Aerobic exercise Hydrotherapy Group therapy Individual therapy Quality of Life Graded aerobic activity Treatment programmes QuestionnairesFibromyalgi Fysioterapi Behandling Symptomer Aerob trening Basseng trening Gruppe trening Individuell trening Livskvalitet Gradert aerob trening Treningsprogram Fysisk aktivitet Sprreskjema* Search words include keyword, Booleans (AND, NOT, OR), free text words, and MESH headings. **Search words will be used alone, in combinations and synonyms and/or truncations of the same word. b) Other sources of information: - Websites:  HYPERLINK "http://www.fysiostart.no" www.fysiostart.no, 26.03.2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.fibromyalgi.no" www.fibromyalgi.no, 29.01.2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.fibromyalgia.com" www.fibromyalgia.com, 29.01.2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.fysioterapeuten.no" www.fysioterapeuten.no, 26.03.2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.skogli.no" www.skogli.no, 27.03.2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.icmje.org" www.icmje.org, 01.04.2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.rikshospitalet.no" www.rikshospitalet.no, 27.03.2003  HYPERLINK http://www.fibro-oslo.com www.fibro-oslo.com, 03.02.2003  HYPERLINK "http://www.neurologychannel.com" www.neurologychannel.com, 28.03.2003  HYPERLINK http://www.fmscommunity.org www.fmscommunity.org, 31.03.2003 -Contact specialists in Norway in the field of fibromyalgia by phone and e-mail. - Contact a specialist in Norway in the field of physical medicine and rehabilitation. - Contact a specialist in the Netherlands. - Literature from the library: Study landscape at Fontys Hogescholen, and the central libraries in Amsterdam. 2) In- and exclusion criteria Inclusion criteria: Types of studies: controlled trials, randomised and non-randomised, which compare effects of graded aerobic exercise programmes for one group with a control group. Literature used must be of recent date (from 1994 - 2003). Literature used must be in English or Norwegian. The patients: must have the diagnose of fibromyalgia syndrome; age must be between 25 and 55, both females and males. Measurement tools: Generic Quality of life questionnaires: SF-36 (or SF-20, SF-12, SF-8) Nottingham Health Profile Disease specific questionnaire: The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) (Note: These questionnaires are chosen because they are translated into Norwegian and are used by Norwegian physiotherapists). The outcome: Quality of Life. Exclusion criteria: No literature where the patient group receives non- graded aerobic exercises or anaerobic exercises in combination with graded aerobic exercise. Incorrect diagnosis. Assess the literature found Different data extraction schemes and the PEDro scale will be used to find out which studies are eligible for inclusion. All literature will be analysed by at least two group members according to the PEDro scale. This ensures high methodological quality of the literature used. 4) Data extraction Data will be extracted from included studies according to a data extraction checklist. Below is an overview of the subjects included in the checklist. Patient: The patient has the correct diagnosis of fibromyalgia. Age of the patient between 25-55. Compliance: The patient has completed the whole treatment programme. Treatment Programme: The exercises are graded aerobic Exercises are arranged into a treatment programme: duration per session, frequency, intensity, and number of sessions. Exercises (or the whole programme) are performed in groups or individually. Exercise programme can be performed with guidance of a physiotherapist and without guidance. The patient receives a home exercise programme. A follow up exercise programme is given. Quality of Life: A Quality of Life Questionnaire: Nottingham Health Profile or SF-36 Questionnaire) is used as a measurement tool. Quality of Life has improved (+) or not improved (-). Data extraction checklist: appendix 2. 6. Management Aspects 6.1. Quality requirements 6.1.1. Boundary Conditions according to the guidelines in the graduation project study guide, as listed in 6.4. Design limitations When literature found does not fulfil the requirements of the PEDro Scale. Expected delays; not being able to make the deadline of approval of the project plan. 6.1.3. Functional Demands: Demands of the commissioner: All professional health care workers will be able to read and understand the project report. The report will be well written, with no typing errors, and the language will be clear and understandable for the reader. The graded aerobic exercise programme will be suitable for physiotherapists, physiotherapy assistants and exercise therapists. The graded aerobic exercise programme is applicable for a physiotherapist and a physiotherapy assistant in a physiotherapy setting and outside a physiotherapy setting. 6.1.4. Operational Demands: Demands of the user: It must be possible to do the graded aerobic exercises in a non- physiotherapy setting. The reader must be able to read and understand English. The total cost of the whole graded aerobic exercise programme is aimed at being lower than a conventional physiotherapy treatment programme. 6.2. Timetable Abbreviations used in the timetable: All = 4th year students of the English stream. K = Kathrine Ndland, group member. M = Marte Marie Haug, group member. R = Randi A. Riise, group member. S = Sophie E. Steenstrup, group member. WeekDateTask/ActivityName23June 2002Introduction meeting into Graduation Project All + Annelies12 June Introduction meeting with the group; make rules and brainstorm about many topics34August 2002 Start searching for an interesting subject for the graduation projectK, M, R and SSeptember 2002Search the Internet for interesting topics for the project,  HYPERLINK http://www.fibromyalgia.com www.fibromyalgia.com, HYPERLINK http://www.fysiostart.no www.fysiostart.noK, M, R and SSeptember 2002Communicate by e- mail our suggestions for the project topicK, M, R and S September 2002Review suggestions and search the Internet,  HYPERLINK http://www.fysioterapeuten.no www.fysioterapeuten.no and libraries to agree on the topic that has the best documentationK, M, R and SSeptember 2002Discuss the topics with the clinical instructors and colleaguesK, M, R and SSeptember 2002Decide to write about fibromyalgia treatment with a psychomotor approach K, M, R and S10.10.2002Work on project proposalK, M, R and S4111.10.2002Hand in project proposalK, M, R and S05.11.2002Official approval of proposals Graduation committee4719.11.2002Express choice for proposal; decide to write about treatment of fibromyalgiaK, M, R and S05.11.2002Divide project topics to groups. Ineke Smits and Eveline Wouters are the supervisors of the project Graduation committee206.01.2003Start writing first version of the project planK, M, R and S06.01.2003Divide tasks to each group member: Project plan layout as it is presented in the study guide Definition of the problem The problem Sub questions, main question and working definitions Objectives Method Randi Randi, Sophie Marte K, M, R and S Kathrine Randi08.01.2003Phone conversation concerning the project planKathrine, RandiFrom 9th of January 2003 INITIATION/DEFINITION PHASE209.01.2003Hand in first draft of the concept project plan by e-mailK, M, R and S11.01.2003Read feedback from supervisors, continue working on parts of the projectK, M, R and S313.01.2003Search the Internet for relevant literature:  HYPERLINK http://www.skogli.no www.skogli.no,  HYPERLINK http://www.icmje.org www.icmje.org, Kathrine, Sophie 15.01.2003Write suggestions, make adjustments according to feedbackK, M, R and S 16.01.2003Search the Internet:  HYPERLINK http://www.fibromyalgia.oslo www.fibromyalgia.oslo, www.neurologychannel.com.Marte, Randi527.01.2003Phone conversation about the further process (2nd version) of the project plan Make adjustments to the 2nd version of the project planMarte, Randi K, M, R and S528.01.2003Hand in 2nd version of the project plan by e-mailK, M, R and SFrom 31st of January 2003 PREPARATION PHASE606.02.2003Review the pre-definite version of the project plan Graduation committee07.02.2003Make adjustments and suggestions for changes to version 3 of the project planKathrine15.02.2003Work on version 3Sophie17.02.2003Work on version 3Marte18.02.2003Work on version 3Randi20.02.2003Hand in version 3 of the project plan by e-mailRandi28.02.2003 Receive feedback from the general supervisor 03.03.2003Work on version 4Kathrine, Sophie03.03.2003Work on version 4Marte, Randi1007.03.2003Hand in version 4 of the project planK, M, R and S14.03.2003Receive feedback from general supervisor 6-1231.01.2003 01.04.2003Revision of the project plan and formal approval to continueGraduation committee25.03.2003Meeting with the graduation project co-ordinator at schoolAll, project co-ordinator1325.03.2003Discuss group rulesK, M, R and S25.03.2003Work on version 5K, M, R and S25.03.2003Edit the project plan, send version 5 by e-mail to general supervisor K, M, R and S25.03.2003Meeting with the general supervisorK, M, R and S26.03.2003Divide parts of the project plan in order to make changes according to feedback K, M, R and S26.03. 2003Search for data extractions, edit feedback comments, working definitionsSophie26.03.2003Working definitions, search for regulations Marte26.03.2002Search for treatment programmes on the Internet, make table for keywordsKathrine, Randi26.03.2003Send e-mail to Sigrid Hrven WigersKathrine, Randi27.03.203Send e-mail to methodological supervisor to arrange a feedback meetingKathrine27.03.2003E-mail to Elin DysvikKathrine27.03.2003Working definitions, work on project plan 6Marte, Sophie27.03.2003Search the Internet, work on project plan 6Randi27.03.2003Feedback meeting with general supervisorK, M, R and S28.03.2003Work on timetableKathrine, Marte28.03.2003Adjust the project plan according to feedback commentsSophie28.03.2003Search for literature on the Internet and the Cochrane database, PEDro scaleRandi30.03.2003Group meetingK, M, R and S1431.03.2003Deliver version 7 of the project planK, M, R and S01.04.2003Meeting with both supervisors, discuss method with EvelineK, M, R and S01.04.2003Work on the project plan, version 8K, M, R and S02.04.2003Deliver project plan, version 8K, M, R and S02.04.2003Make an overview of collected informationKathrine, Randi02.04.2003Divide tasksMarte, SophieFrom 3rd of April 2003 START REALISATION PHASE03.04.2003Receive feedback from general and methodological supervisors concerning project plan, version 8K, M, R and S03.04.2003Make a list of which articles are available in full text format. Find location of the full text articlesKathrine, Randi03.04.2003Start including- and excluding already found full text scientific articles according to PEDro scaleMarte, Sophie04.04.2003Group meeting. Arrange a meeting with general supervisorK, M, R and S1507.04.2003Visit to Amsterdam library (NIWI) to find full text articles of included studiesMarte, Sophie08.04.2003Use data extraction checklist to include and exclude full text scientific articlesK, M, R and S09.04.2003Data extraction: evaluation of methodological quality of collected full text studies by PEDro scale, reference checking of selected studies K, M, R and S10.04.2003Divide the included articles between the group members, each article is analysed by two members10.04.2003Start data analysisK, M, R and SData analysis continuesK, M, R and S 1616.04.2003Results of literature analysis, an overviewSophie18.04.2003Good Friday, school is closed1721.04.2003Easter Monday, school is closed22.04.2003Group deadline for reading and answering main question and sub questionsK, M, R and S23.04.2003Start writing framework of the reportRandi23.04.2003*Start working on design and method in reportKathrine, Randi23.04.2003*Start working on theoretical framework in reportMarte, Sophie 24.04.2003*Write Result part of the reportSophie24.04.2003*Write Discussion of the reportRandi25.04.2003*Write Conclusion of the reportMarte1830.04.2003Koninginnedag, school is closed18-2101.05.2003 22.05.2003Edit report according to feedback, one person with no connection to the education reads through the report **Write Foreword in the reportMarteWrite Abstract in the reportKathrineWrite Table of Content in the reportRandiWrite Introduction in the reportSophieMake BibliographyMarte, RandiMake Front PageKathrine Gather AppendicesSophie09.05.2003Group deadline, hand in title and short descriptionK, M, R and S17.05.2003Norwegian national day. PARTY!All2122.05.2003Group deadline for end product23.05.2003Bind report2226.05.2003Deadline: Deliver end product report (3 copies + digital version) to graduation project co-ordinatorK, M, R and S27.05.2003Design the presentationK, M, R and S27.05.2003Prepare presentation rehearsal28.05.2003Start writing individual reportsK, M, R and S29.05.2003Presentation rehearsalK, M, R and S23-2402.06-10.06.2003Consult general supervisor for a date to rehearse the presentation2305.06.2003Deadline: Deliver the individual reports to both the general supervisor and the project co-ordinatorK, M, R and S05.06.-10.06. 2003Appointment with general supervisor for individual discussion Ineke with group members separately09.06.2003Whit Monday, school is closed 2410.06.2003Deadline: Consultation between general and methodological supervisors regarding the assessment of the end product2410.06.2003Deadline: Supervisors deliver the grades of the end products to graduation project co-ordinator. General supervisors will announce to the students if the grade is sufficient to present the projectSupervisors11.06.2003Presentation rehearsalAll2412.06.2003Presentations of the graduation projectsAll* Continuously deliver project products for feedback from supervisors. ** Refer to same date as above. Supervision Keep contact with Ineke Smits and Eveline Wouters by e-mail, telephone and personal meetings as often as necessary, minimally every two weeks when the students are in Norway, and every week when the students come to Eindhoven. Estimated costs Gaining/ordering information from the Internet: Euro 40, - Copy/printing costs: Euro 150, - Diskettes/CD ROMs costs: Euro 20, - Binding the project: Euro 20, - Telephone costs: Euro 25, - Travelling costs: Euro 100, - Unexpected costs: Euro 50, - Total costs: Euro 405, - Appendices Appendix 1 Graduation project proposal 2002/2003-04-02 Appendix 2 Data extraction checklist Appendix 3 Approval of the graduation project plan Appendix 1 GRADUATION PROJECT PROPOSAL 2002/2003 Organisation: Fontys University of Higher Professional Education, Department of Physiotherapy Address: Post-box 347, 5600 AH Eindhoven E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:graduationphysio@fontys.nl" graduationphysio@fontys.nl Person to get in contact with: Name: Randi A Riise E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:randiriise@hotmail.com" fibromyalgia@hotmail.com SUBJECT: What is the most effective physiotherapeutic treatment for reduction of pain, A.D.L and improvement of quality of life in a patient who has the diagnosis fibromyalgia, based on scientific evidence based research? COMMISSIONER: - PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: The group of patients diagnosed as having fibromyalgia is growing. Reasons for which physiotherapists treat these patients are pain, reduced ADL and quality of life. Because of this, it will be increasingly important to know about possibilities and effectiveness of physiotherapeutic treatment according to evidence based literature. OBJECTIVE: Find, through evidence based research, types of physiotherapeutic treatment for patients who have the diagnosis fibromyalgia for pain, ADL and quality of life. Learn the effects on pain, ADL and quality of life when using different treatment techniques that can be applied by physiotherapists on patients with the diagnosis fibromyalgia. POSSIBLE QUALITY REQUIREMENTS c. Functional demands: demands of the commissioner - Treatment that can be done by a physiotherapist in a physiotherapy setting. d. Operational demands: demands of the user(s) - Treatment must be possible to do in a normal physiotherapy treatment room, needing no other things than normal physiotherapy tools. 6. GLOBAL BUDGET: students will pay Basic costs 7. NUMBER OF PARTICIPATING STUDENTS: 4 students Kathrine Ndland Sophie Steenstrup Marte Marie Haug Randi A Riise Appendix 2 Data extraction checklist Articles ArticlesArticlesPATIENT 12345TREATMENT PROGRAMME12345QUALITY OF LIFE12345Correct diagnosisExercises are graded aerobicA Quality of Life questionnaireAge between 25--55Exercises are arranged into a treatment programmeQuality of Life has been improved or not improvedCompleted the whole treatment programmeExercises are performed in groups or individuallyExercise programme can be performed with guidance of a physiotherapist and without guidanceThe patient receives a home treatment programmeA follow-up exercise programme is given  APPENDIX 2 PRIVATEPEDro scalePEDro Scale (last modified March, 1999) PRIVATE1. Eligibility criteria were specified.no / yes2. Subjects were randomly allocated to groups (in a crossover study, subjects were randomly allocated an order in which treatments were received).no / yes3. Allocation was concealed. no / yes4. The groups were similar at baseline regarding the most important prognostic indicators. no / yes5. There was blinding of all subjects. no / yes6. There was blinding of all therapists who administered the therapy. no / yes7. There was blinding of all assessors who measured at least one key outcome. no / yes8. Measures of at least one key outcome were obtained from more than 85% of the subjects initially allocated to groups. no / yes9. All subjects for whom outcome measures were available received the treatment or control condition as allocated or, where this was not the case, data for at least one key outcome was analysed by "intention to treat". no / yes10. The results of between-group statistical comparisons are reported for at least one key outcome. no / yes11. The study provides both point measures and measures of variability for at least one key outcome. no / yesThe following table briefly explains why each item has been included in the PEDro scale. Slightly more detail on some of these items is provided in the HYPERLINK "../../Tutorial/tutorial.htm"PEDro tutorial. An excellent text for those who want to know more about clinical trial design is Pocock SJ (1983). Clinical Trials. A Practical Approach. Chichester: John Wiley (the emphasis in this text is with drug trials, although most principals apply equally well to trials in physiotherapy). PRIVATEPEDro scale itemExplanation1. Eligibility criteria were specified This criterion influences external validity, but not the internal or statistical validity of the trial. It has been included in the PEDro scale so that all items of the Delphi scale are represented on the PEDro scale. This item will not be used to calculate the PEDro score.2. Subjects were randomly allocated to groups (or, in a crossover study, subjects were randomly allocated an order in which treatments were received)Random allocation ensures that (within the constraints provided by chance) treatment and control groups are comparable.3. Allocation was concealed"Concealment" refers to whether the person who determined if subjects were eligible for inclusion in the trial was aware, at the time he or she made this decision, which group the next subject would be allocated to. Potentially, if allocation is not concealed, the decision about whether or not to include a person to a trial could be influenced by knowledge of whether the subject was to receive treatment or not. This could produce systematic biases in otherwise random allocation. There is empirical evidence that concealment predicts effect size (concealment is associated with a finding of more modest treatment effects; see Schulz et al. (1995), JAMA 273(5): 408-412)4. The groups were similar at baseline regarding the most important prognostic indicatorsThis criterion may provide an indication of potential bias arising by chance with random allocation. Gross discrepancies between groups may be indicative of inadequate randomisation procedures.5. There was blinding of all subjectsBlinding of subjects involves ensuring that subjects were unable to discriminate whether they had or had not received the treatment. When subjects have been blinded, the reader can be satisfied that the apparent effect (or lack of effect) of treatment was not due to placebo effects or Hawthorne effects (an experimental artifact in which subjects responses are distorted by how they expect the experimenters want them to respond).6. There was blinding of all therapists who administered the therapyBlinding of therapists involves ensuring that therapists were unable to discriminate whether individual subjects had or had not received the treatment. When therapists have been blinded, the reader can be satisfied that the apparent effect (or lack of effect) of treatment was not due to the therapists' enthusiasm or lack of enthusiasm for the treatment or control conditions.7. There was blinding of all assessors who measured at least one key outcomeBlinding of assessors involves ensuring that assessors were unable to discriminate whether individual subjects had or had not received the treatment. When assessors have been blinded, the reader can be satisfied that the apparent effect (or lack of effect) of treatment was not due to the assessors' biases impinging on their measures of outcomes.8. Measures of at least one key outcome were obtained from more than 85% of the subjects initially allocated to groupsIt is important that measurement of outcome are made on all subjects who are randomised to groups. Subjects who are not followed up may differ systematically from those who are, and this potentially introduces bias. The magnitude of the potential bias increases with the proportion of subjects not followed up.9. All subjects for whom outcome measures were available received the treatment or control condition as allocated or, where this was not the case, data were analysed by "intention to treatAlmost inevitably there are protocol violations in clinical trials. Protocol violations may involve subjects not receiving treatment as planned, or receiving treatment when they should not have. Analysis of data according to how subjects were treated (instead of according to how subjects should have been treated) may produce biases. It is probably important that, when the data are analysed, analysis is done as if subject received treatment and control conditions as planned. This is usually referred to as "analysis by intention to treat". For a recent discussion of analysis by intention to treat see HYPERLINK "http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/319/7211/670"Hollis S, Campbell F (1999) BMJ 319: 670-4.10. The results of between-group statistical comparisons are reported for at least one key outcomeIn clinical trials, statistical tests are performed to determine if the difference between groups is greater than can plausibly be attributed to chance.11. the study provides both point measures and measures of variability for at least one key outcomeClinical trials potentially provide relatively unbiased estimates of the size of treatment effects. The best estimate (point estimate) of the treatment effect is the difference between (or ratio of) the outcomes of treatment and control groups. A measure of the degree of uncertainty associated with this estimate can only be calculated if the study provides measures of variability.Notes on administration of the PEDro scale:PRIVATEAll criteriaPoints are only awarded when a criterion is clearly satisfied. If on a literal reading of the trial report it is possible that a criterion was not satisfied, a point should not be awarded for that criterion.Criterion 1This criterion is satisfied if the report describes the source of subjects and a list of criteria used to determine who was eligible to participate in the study. Criterion 2A study is considered to have used random allocation if the report states that allocation was random. The precise method of randomisation need not be specified. Procedures such as coin-tossing and dice-rolling should be considered random. Quasi-randomisation allocation procedures such as allocation by hospital record number or birth date, or alternation, do not satisfy this criterion. Criterion 3Concealed allocation means that the person who determined if a subject was eligible for inclusion in the trial was unaware, when this decision was made, of which group the subject would be allocated to. A point is awarded for this criteria, even if it is not stated that allocation was concealed, when the report states that allocation was by sealed opaque envelopes or that allocation involved contacting the holder of the allocation schedule who was "off-site". Criterion 4At a minimum, in studies of therapeutic interventions, the report must describe at least one measure of the severity of the condition being treated and at least one (different) key outcome measure at baseline. The rater must be satisfied that the groups outcomes would not be expected to differ, on the basis of baseline differences in prognostic variables alone, by a clinically significant amount. This criterion is satisfied even if only baseline data of study completers are presented. Criteria 4, 7-11Key outcomes are those outcomes which provide the primary measure of the effectiveness (or lack of effectiveness) of the therapy. In most studies, more than one variable is used as an outcome measure. Criterion 5-7Blinding means the person in question (subject, therapist or assessor) did not know which group the subject had been allocated to. In addition, subjects and therapists are only considered to be "blind" if it could be expected that they would have been unable to distinguish between the treatments applied to different groups. In trials in which key outcomes are self-reported (eg, visual analogue scale, pain diary), the assessor is considered to be blind if the subject was blind. Criterion 8This criterion is only satisfied if the report explicitly states both the number of subjects initially allocated to groups and the number of subjects from whom key outcome measures were obtained. In trials in which outcomes are measured at several points in time, a key outcome must have been measured in more than 85% of subjects at one of those points in time. Criterion 9An intention to treat analysis means that, where subjects did not receive treatment (or the control condition) as allocated, and where measures of outcomes were available, the analysis was performed as if subjects received the treatment (or control condition) they were allocated to. This criterion is satisfied, even if there is no mention of analysis by intention to treat, if the report explicitly states that all subjects received treatment or control conditions as allocated. Criterion 10A between-group statistical comparison involves statistical comparison of one group with another. Depending on the design of the study, this may involve comparison of two or more treatments, or comparison of treatment with a control condition. The analysis may be a simple comparison of outcomes measured after the treatment was administered, or a comparison of the change in one group with the change in another (when a factorial analysis of variance has been used to analyse the data, the latter is often reported as a group time interaction). The comparison may be in the form hypothesis testing (which provides a "p" value, describing the probability that the groups differed only by chance) or in the form of an estimate (for example, the mean or median difference, or a difference in proportions, or number needed to treat, or a relative risk or hazard ratio) and its confidence interval. Criterion 11A point measure is a measure of the size of the treatment effect. The treatment effect may be described as a difference in group outcomes, or as the outcome in (each of) all groups. Measures of variability include standard deviations, standard errors, confidence intervals, interquartile ranges (or other quantile ranges), and ranges. Point measures and/or measures of variability may be provided graphically (for example, SDs may be given as error bars in a Figure) as long as it is clear what is being graphed (for example, as long as it is clear whether error bars represent SDs or SEs). Where outcomes are categorical, this criterion is considered to have been met if the number of subjects in each category is given for each group.  APPENDIX 3 Search strategy Search termPub Med*Bibliography **Doc- online*Biblio-graphy **Cochrane Library* Bibliography**Fibromyalgia18742, 737411881Fibromyalgia AND physiotherapy17947Fibromyalgia AND treatment87822531291Fibromyalgia AND symptoms12736468, 5Fibromyalgia AND signs106615Fibromyalgia AND aerobic exercise552, 4, 10, 11351, 7Fibromyalgia AND hydrotherapy500Fibromyalgia AND group therapy902Fibromyalgia AND individual therapy3300Fibromyalgia AND walking172, 5035Fibromyalgia AND swimming45125Fibromyalgia AND cycling601Fibromyalgia AND quality of life1294, 58144, 5Fibromyalgia AND graded aerobic exercise31011Fibromyalgia AND graded aerobic activity000Fibromyalgia AND graded exercise4100Fibromyalgia AND flexibility training500Fibromyalgia AND treatment programmes710Fibromyalgia AND questionnaires22890245, 8Fibromyalgia AND measurement tool300Fibromyalgia AND measurement instrument1100Fibromyalgia AND aerobic exercise programmes100Quality of life379684964337Quality of life AND fibromyalgia1294, 58144, 5Quality of life AND fibromyalgia patients9210Quality of life AND aerobic exercise483020Quality of life AND graded aerobic exercise400Quality of life AND graded aerobic exercise AND fibromyalgia000Quality of life AND training programmes188000Quality of life AND training programmes AND fibromyalgia134, 500Quality of life AND measurement tool13120Quality of life AND measurement instrument37110Quality of life AND measurement instrument AND fibromyalgia400Quality of life AND graded aerobic exercise AND fibromyalgia000Quality of life AND fibromyalgia impact questionnaire284, 5, 9034, 5Quality of life AND fibromyalgia AND SF36200Fibromyalgia AND quality of life AND measurement43904Quality of life AND fibromyalgia AND aims2101Quality of life AND fibromyalgia AND flanigans quality of life scale000Quality of life AND fibromyalgia AND quality of life scale2210Fibromyalgia AND hospital anxiety and depression scale100Fibromyalgia AND symptom checklist 90 revised600Quality of life AND fibromyalgia AND sickness impact profile85025Quality of life AND fibromyalgia AND eq-5d000Eq-5d15340Fibromyalgia impact questionnaire90 1, 5, 94161, 5SF-36163630AIMS24730Flanagans quality of life scale000Quality of life scale39731519Hospital anxiety and depression scale8152130Symptoms checklist 90- revised1280163Sickness impact profile139123182Sickness impact profile AND fibromyalgia20075, 8Sickness impact profile AND fibromyalgia AND graded aerobic exercise000Sickness impact profile AND fibromyalgia AND aerobic exercise400Randomised controlled trials AND fibromyalgia300Randomised controlled trials AND quality of life33525Randomised controlled trials AND fibromyalgia AND quality of life100Randomised controlled trials AND fibromyalgia AND quality of life AND aerobic exercise000Delphi list AND methodological evaluation300* Number of hits in the database ** Included articles corresponding to bibliography. APPENDIX 4 Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) Name: Date: / / Directions: For questions 1 through 11, please circle the number that best describes how you did overall for the past week. If you dont normally do something that is asked, cross the question out. Always Most Occasionally Never 1.Were you able to: a. Do shopping? 0 1 2 3 b. Do laundry with a washer and dryer? 0 1 2 3 c. Prepare meals? 0 1 2 3 d. Wash dishes/cooking utensils by hand? 0 1 2 3 e. Vacuum a rug? 0 1 2 3 f. Make beds? 0 1 2 3 g. Walk several blocks? 0 1 2 3 h. Visit friends or relatives? 0 1 2 3 i. Do yard work? 0 1 2 3 j. Drive a car? 0 1 2 3 Of the 7 days in the past week, how many days did you feel good? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 How many days last week did you miss work, including housework, because of fibromyalgia? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Directions: For the remaining items, mark the point on the line that best indicates how you felt overall for the past week. When you worked, how much did pain or other symptoms of your fibromyalgia interfere with your ability to do your work, including housework? No problem Great difficulty How bad has your pain been? No pain Very severe pain How tired have you been? No tiredness Very tired How have you felt when you got up in the morning? Awoke well rested Awoke very tired How bad has your stiffness been? No stiffness Very stiff How tense, nervous or anxious have you felt? Not tense Very tense How depressed or blue have you felt? Not depressed Very depressed ( Studies and articles are used interchangeably throughout the whole project.  Dysvik, E., leve med en kronisk sykdom, Cappelen Akademisk Forlag, 2001.  Forskrift om stnad til dekning av utgifter til fysioterapi (A regulation about which diagnoses receive free physioterapy treatment from the Norwegian government). Fastsatt av helsedep. 12.12. 2002 med hjemmel i lov 28.02.1997, nr 19 om Folketrygd (folketrygdeloven) 5-8 5.ledd 22-2 2.ledd.  Wigers, S.H., Tidsskrift Norsk Lgeforening, 122: 1300-4, 2002.  Wigers, S.H, Fjernundervisning fysikalsk medisin og rehabilitering, Opptreningssenteret Jely kurbad, 22.10.2002.  Marieb, E. N., Human Anatomy and physiology, third edition, ISBN 0-8053-4281-8, page 274.  Rhoades & Pflanzer , Human Physiology, second edition , ISBN- 0-03072616-6, page 972.   HYPERLINK "http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/cpgn/mus/mus_cpg/content/sectionB/non-pharm/intgrade" www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/cpgn/mus/mus_cpg/content/sectionB/non-pharm/intgrade, 28.03.2003.  Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB, Evidence Based Medicine, Churchill Livingstone, 1997, London and Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Guyatt GH, Tugwell P, Clinical Epidemiology: A basic science for clinical medicine, second Edition, Little Brown, Boston 1991.  The American College of Rheumatology, Arthritis Rheum; 33 (2): 160,1990.  www. Sover .net/~devstar/phdefin.htm,27.03.2003.  WHO Definition from 1948, from Osmanzyck 1990, p 367-368.  Elin Dysvik and Sigrid Hrven Wigers.  Hkon E. Dalen.  Rob van Pelt.  Simons, A., Graduation Project Study Guide ES4: Period 12-16, September 2002. 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