Electric vehicles and renewable energy sources are collectively being developed as a synergetic implementation for smart grids. In this context, smart charging of electric vehicles and vehicle-to-grid technologies are seen as a way forward to achieve economic, technical and environmental benefits. The …

The Netherlands is considered one of the frontrunners in the field of electric mobility, both in number of plug-in electric vehicles sold as in the number of publicly available charging stations. This chapter analyses the policy measures that led to the growth in the number of plug-in hybrid electric …

The main purpose of this dissertation is to establish which road (ownership or circulation) car tax model is best to reduce CO2 emissions in the European Union. In Europe, climate change and reduction of greenhouse gasses is a concern among the population, as it is seen by the growing Eco activism as …

Fast charging is seen as a means to facilitate long-distance driving for electric vehicles (EVs). As a result, roll-out planning generally takes a corridor approach. However, with higher penetration of electric vehicles in urban areas, cities contemplate whether inner-city fast chargers can be an alternative …

Currently EVs constitute only 1% of all vehicles on the road. We are at the eve of the large scale introduction of EVs. Large scale introduction requires a significant growth in charging infrastructure. In an urban context, in which many rely on on-street charging facilities, policy makers deal with …

As society has to adapt to changing energy sources and consumption, it is driving away from fossil energy. One particular area of interest is electrical driving and the increasing demand for (public) charging facilities. For municipalities, it is essential to adapt to this changing demand and provide …

Over the last years a large growth in Electric Vehicles (EV) and charging infrastructure (CI) development has been observed. Particularly in metropolitan areas this growth has led to a system in which multitudes of interactions between EV users take place. While many researchers have focused on EV user …

The increased adoption of electric vehicles worldwide is largely caused by the uptake of private electric cars. In parallel other segments such as busses, city logistics and taxis, are increasingly becoming electrified. Amsterdam is an interesting case, as the municipality and the taxi sector have signed …

The SEEV4-City project, funded by the EU Interreg NSR Programme, aims to demonstrate electric mobility solutions, integrate renewable energy and encourage uptake in cities. Six Operational Pilots in four countries implement different levels of Smart Charging and V2X technology. The variation and complexity …

The transition towards electric mobility is expected to take off the coming years, as more EV car models access the market and charging infrastructure is being expanded. The expansion of charging infrastructure will have to accelerate to keep pace with the fast-growing need for charging. The coming years …