Learning objects are bits of learning content. They may be reused 'as is' (simple reuse) or first be adapted to a learner's particular needs (flexible reuse). Reuse matters because it lowers the development costs of learning objects, flexible reuse matters because it allows one to address learners' needs …

Early 20th century management literature was very decisive about the role of efficiency; it was the ‘one best way’-criterion for organizational decision-making. This paper shows by means of a backward prediction that efficiency was indeed an important measure for organizations in the early 20th century. …

Teacher education is in a state of change. There is a new focus on professional competence, including the competence for further development and learning, conceived of as workplace learning. Teacher shortages put pressure on the development of alternative routes to teaching. The arrival of prospective …