Samenvatting

Circles to Spirals is a designer’s journey from blind optimism to critical engagement, from circular economy idealism to the pragmatic realities of material flow. This compendium navigates the essential concepts of sustainable design — repair, upcycling,adaptability, and longevity — while unpicking the promises and pitfalls of circularity. Ollee Means explores the myth and reality of the circular economy, questioning whether waste can ever be truly designed out of the system. With sharp analysis and personal insight, he proposes an alternative: the spiral economy, a model that acknowl-dges material entropy, value shifts, and the role of design in prolonging utility.