Samenvatting

'Information Operations' can only be understood in the broader context of change and continuity. 'Cyberspace' is, like land, sea, air and space, a dimension in which war can be waged. Where defence is a necessity while attack is a possibility. There is a close relationship between 'Information Based Warfare' and 'Information Operations'. Information Operations do however not only impact the military domain, it may also use national, international and even global layers of connectivity to influence a state, an alliance or global audience. In the end all layers need command and control to keep order in the system. Notwithstanding the value of information technology, it is finally man who still has to decide and act. Given our dependence on information and communications technology (ICT) and options to manipulate information and the human decision maker, we face new threats; the challenge is here and now. Frustration comes with the complexity of the challenge.