Since 2000, all Dutch Universities of Professional Education are confronted with three major renewals. The first was the European agreement to implement the Bachelor-Master system in Higher Education. The second was the strong tendence to renew eduction towards Competence Based Education. The third renewal …

Modigliani's Life Cycle Model has no explanatory value in regard to late nineteenth and early twentieth century saving behavior in the Netherlands because many people had to survive on extremely low incomes. However, this does not mean that Dutch working-class people at the turn of the century never …