The Belarusian Cyber Partisans (BCP) have opposed the authoritarian government of Belarus since 2020 through cyber attacks. They have hacked government and police databases, revealing sensitive information about government personnel. One notable event was their hack of the Belarusian railway system in …

Norms play an important role in international relations. Norms shape behaviour and provide a shared understanding of what is acceptable and what is not. One of the pillars of international relations is sovereignty. The norm of state sovereignty encompasses the norm of territorial integrity. Large-scale …

Ever since the 2016 presidential election in the United States of America one of the recurrent questions has been whether this election was tempered with. Were the elections manipulated and, more importantly from a legal perspective, was international law violated during these foreign influence operations …

This chapter takes the starting point that the power to deter consists of three components: (physical) capacities, concepts (strategy, plans, decision-making procedures) and will (moral, determination, audacity). In case one of these components is underdeveloped or not in place, (coercive) power fails. …

Op de verschillende niveaus van oorlogvoering is gebrek aan begrip van het nut van militaire syberoperaties tijdens conflict. Dit resulteert in terughoudendheid bij het gebruik van dit type operaties. Om het nut van militaire cyberoperaties te begrijpen in context nodig. De context wordt gevormd door …

This paper aims to offer a framework for States in general and armed forces in particular for generating effects in or through the information environment by answering the question: How to generate effects in or through the information environment and therefore, how to manoeuvre in this information environment? …

The Global Positioning System has long been a great tool for militaryand, of course, civilianactivities, but the militarys heavy reliance on it also makes it a likely target. Due to the character of the satellite navigation system, security vulnerabilities exist that threaten information continuity and …

In this chapter it is argued that within the framework of the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC), attack and kinetic operations can be used as equivalents where military operations that do not constitute attacks have a large overlap with non-kinetic operations. These topics present more than just a linguistic …

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Next to sea, land, air and space, cyberspace appears to be the fifth operational domain for the military. This manmade and virtual sphere brings along opportunities and threats. In this book, academics of the Netherlands Defence Academy as well as specialists and military professionals from other institutions …