While there is extensive research on how Russian interference – in particular Russian disinformation operation – has played out in different European countries, indications of Russian interference directly targeting EU, its institutions or policies received little attention. This paper argues why there …

In January 2020, Greece, the Republic of Cyprus and Israel signed an agreement to construct the EastMed pipeline, a 1900-kilometer undersea pipeline designed to transport gas from the offshore deposits in the Leviathan field of the southeastern Mediterranean to continental Europe. Designed as Project …

In elk beleidsstuk staat het: Nederland/Europa streeft naar betrouwbare, betaalbare en schone energie. In de praktijk komt betrouwbaar er nogal magertjes van af. “Natuurlijk beseft men in Den Haag en Brussel dat energiezekerheid van extreem grote maatschappelijke betekenis is. De gascrisis laat dit ook …

Natuurlijk, we moeten vol blijven inzetten op windenergie, “De winderige, ondiepe Noordzee is voor Nederland en de andere landen in Noordwest-Europa een enorme asset. Maar laten we ervoor waken onze samenleving er te afhankelijk van te maken. Dus ook zorgen voor significante bijdragen van andere CO2-vrije …

This critical, literature-review based research project, inspired by the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war, examines the limitations and possibilities of restorative justice in a time of war. Any armed conflict creates and amplifies the need for extreme militarisation and securitisation, accompanied …

On 2 March 2022, in response to framed and anti-Western narratives surrounding the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Council of the European Union legally banned two Russian state-sponsored media outlets, RT and Sputnik, within EU borders. The decision of the Council divided opinion. While the ban indeed …

The Belarusian Cyber Partisans (BCP) have opposed the authoritarian government of Belarus since 2020 through cyber attacks. They have hacked government and police databases, revealing sensitive information about government personnel. One notable event was their hack of the Belarusian railway system in …

Norms play an important role in international relations. Norms shape behaviour and provide a shared understanding of what is acceptable and what is not. One of the pillars of international relations is sovereignty. The norm of state sovereignty encompasses the norm of territorial integrity. Large-scale …

Following the initial failure of the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on February 24, 2022, fighting along the front has largely degenerated into a grinding war of attrition, characterized by positional – often urban – warfare, remotely conducted (precision) strikes and meeting engagements between …

Alle reden om lessen te trekken uit de huidige gascrisis en aan te sturen op een energiesysteem dat veel beter bestand is tegen verrassingen