The peace operations literature suffers from a narrow focus on battle fi eld deterrence. It ignores the need to deter actors beyond the battle fi eld from supporting the combatants using force, and analyses the use of military threats and force in peace operations in a vacuum without taking into account …

To ensure stability for ships, ballast water is often used to correct or adjust the list or trim of a ship. After loading the ballast water is often carried across the ocean and discharged in an area with another aquatic environment. As a result, invasive species can end up in the water and effect the …

The task of the European Police Office (Europol) is to provide a support service for the national agencies of European Member States. Aside from collecting and exchanging intelligence, Europol cooperates with Member States on counter-terrorism actions by establishing National Units and Joint Investigation …

From the page of the publisher: Sustainable urban development entails integration of environmental interests into decision-making at the local level. To achieve this, higher tiers of government may compel municipalities to explicitly consider environmental objectives or even prioritize them by demanding …

In November 2006, SOMO published a report that criticised labour conditions in Nokia's factories in Asia. This report revealed conditions where workers work up to 72 hours a week with compulsory overtime, have insecure employment contracts and work in unsafe factories, where no or inadequate protection …