Professional development needs to be understood as a spontaneous process of learning at work before moving on toward the 'desired' professional development. Learning as a result of working is often implicit, stems from social interaction and direct experience, involves the (thoughtless, implicit) reproduction …

With regard to officer socialization, Sparta represents the old model of military education, which - applied in an intraorganizational and isolated manner - focuses on military skills and an attitude of loyal service to the nation. Athens, on the other hand, stands for an open education in a broad spectrum …