Critical materials are economically important raw materials with high supply risk. They are widely used in electronic components, batteries, sensors and drone-related systems. For Europe, access to these materials is a strategic issue because many of them are not sufficiently available within the European …

This project is grounded in three complementary theoretical perspectives: digital twin technology, material trade-off theory in electric motor design, and interactive learning theory. Digital twin theory provides the conceptual basis for linking system modelling with dynamic representation, supporting …