While there is extensive research on how Russian interference – in particular Russian disinformation operation – has played out in different European countries, indications of Russian interference directly targeting EU, its institutions or policies received little attention. This paper argues why there …

This paper describes the work done to track the supply chains of sur-veillance technologies from the global North to African governments for illegal surveillance of their citizens. We conducted desk research to analyse the supply side of surveillance technology exported to African countries. Our preliminary …

Gebruik gezichtsherkenning vormt inbreuk op art. 8 en art.10 EVRM.

The objective of this chapter is to give insight in marine governance challenges, illustrated by Arctic shipping. To do this, this chapter presents a theory of marine governance as reflexive institutionalization, in which the structural properties of marine governance arrangements are (re)produced in …

This critical, literature-review based research project, inspired by the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war, examines the limitations and possibilities of restorative justice in a time of war. Any armed conflict creates and amplifies the need for extreme militarisation and securitisation, accompanied …

Norms play an important role in international relations. Norms shape behaviour and provide a shared understanding of what is acceptable and what is not. One of the pillars of international relations is sovereignty. The norm of state sovereignty encompasses the norm of territorial integrity. Large-scale …

Following the initial failure of the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on February 24, 2022, fighting along the front has largely degenerated into a grinding war of attrition, characterized by positional – often urban – warfare, remotely conducted (precision) strikes and meeting engagements between …

Europe continues to be affected by Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, which has brought about high inflation rates, surging energy prices and general geopolitical instability. All of these not only impact the purchasing power of consumers but also disrupt markets and global supply chains. Despite this, …

Since the start of the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war, the Ukrainian armed forces have -quite unexpectedly- proven to be adept at withstanding the Russian onslaught on their territory. At the time of writing, the Russian armed forces have withdrawn from the Ukrainian capital and are making painfully little …