Presenting novices with examples and problems is an effective and efficient way to acquire new problem-solving skills. Nowadays, examples and problems are increasingly presented in computer-based learning environments, in which learners often have to self-regulate their learning (i.e., choose what type …

Problem-solving tasks form an important part of (higher education) curricula, especially in STEM-domains. For learners with little or no prior knowledge (novices), an effective way to learn new problem-solving tasks is by studying examples. These can be written out step-by-step solution procedures of …

Research suggests some sequences of examples and problems (i.e., EE, EP) are more effective (higher test performance) and efficient (attained with equal/less mental effort) than others (PP, sometimes also PE). Recent findings suggest this is due to motivational variables (i.e., self-efficacy), but did …