Samenvatting

Hacktivism represents the promotion in the cyber landscape of ideo-logically motivated agendas using hacking techniques. Despiteresearch on the topic has provided some clues on how hacktivistnetworks develop, the processes behind their evolution remain mostlyunknown. This gap in the literature prompted us to research the role ofonline/offline social relationships and of the offender convergencesettings in the creation, recruitment process and development ofhacktivist networks. This study is based on 30 interviews with hackti-vists, and it uses the social opportunity structures framework to ana-lyze the development of 21 hacktivist networks. The results show thatsaid networks can be divided in sub-categories based on the type ofconnections used to create them. Online social relationships andonline convergence settings (particularly social media platforms andIRC channels) seem to play a key role in the development of hacktivistnetworks, while offline contacts are limited. For the recruitment pro-cess, hacktivists use comparable strategies to any organization, butthree different categories were identified when discussing the level ofsophistication applied to the selection of new candidates.