Eight new primer sets were designed for PCR detection of (i) mono-oxygenase and dioxygenase gene sequences involved in initial attack of bacterial aerobic BTEX degradation and of (ii) catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene sequences responsible for meta-cleavage of the aromatic ring. The new primer sets allowed …

Amylomaltases or D-enzyme (4-α-glucanotransferases; E.C. 2.4.1.25) are carbohydrate-active enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucan units from one α-glucan to another in a disproportionation reaction. These enzymes are involved in starch metabolism in plants or maltose/glycogen metabolism in many …

IL-4 and IL-13 are prototypic Th2 cytokines that generate an “alternatively activated” phenotype in macrophages. We used high-density oligonucleotide microarrays to investigate the transcriptional profile induced in human monocytes by IL-13. After 8-h stimulation with IL-13, 142 genes were regulated …

A number of novel nonionic bolaform amphiphiles with nonidentical aldityl head groups, 1-(1-deoxy-D-galactitol-1-ylamino)-6-(1-deoxy-D-glucitol-1-ylamino)hexane, 1-(1-deoxy-D-mannitol-1-ylamino)-6-(1-deoxy-D-glucitol-1-ylamino)hexane, and 1-(1-deoxy-D-galactitol-1-ylamino)-6-(1-deoxy-D-mannitol-1-ylamino)hexane …

Force transmission across the wrist during a grasping maneuver of the hand was simulated for three children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and for one healthy age-matched child. Joint reaction forces were estimated using a series of springs between articulating bones. This method (i.e., rigid …

Granular 2-nitropropyl potato starch was synthesized by reaction with 2-nitropropyl acetate in an aqueous suspension. Nitroalkylation occurs preferentially with the amylose fraction of potato starch, as was confirmed by leaching experiments and digestion of the modified starch with α-amylase. The 2-nitropropyl …

Several 2-nitroalkyl polysaccharide ethers (from pullulan (1), guar (2), agarose (3), inulin (4), cellulose (5), Na-α-polyglucuronate (6) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (7)) were synthesized by reaction with 2-nitro-1-alkenes (2-nitro-1-propene and 2-nitro-1-butene) formed in situ from 2-nitroalkyl acetates. …

Granular starch was cross-linked with 1,3-di-O-acetyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol (1), 1,3-di-O-pivaloyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol (2), 2-nitro-3-O-pivaloyl-1-propene-3-ol (3), 1,3-di-O-acetyl-aci-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol (4), 1,3-di-O-pivaloyl-aci-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol (5) and 1,6-di-O-acetyl-2,5-dinitro-1,6-hexanediol …

The copper(II) catalyzed enantioselective 1,4-addition reactions of diethylzinc to cyclic enones in the presence of novel phosphorus amidite ligands, easily prepared from α,α,α',α'-tetraphenyl-2,2'-dimethyl-1,3- dioxolane-4,5-dimethanol (TADDOL) derivatives, resulted in e.e.s up to 71% for cyclohexenone …

The title uronates were prepared by 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) catalysed sodium hypochlorite oxidation of α- and β-D-glucopyranosylphosphate (α-/β-Glc-1-P) and α-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride (α-Glc-1-F). Quantitative recovery of the TEMPO catalyst was achieved by azeotropic distillation …