Target 3 of the Convention on Biological Diversity’s (CBD) Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework calls for the protection of 30% of terrestrial areas, inland waters, and marine and coastal areas through area-based conservation (protected areas and other effective conservation measures) by 2030. …

Since the Industrial Revolution cities have acted as magnets for people seeking higher incomes and a better future. From the 1950s, Europe’s older, compact, horizontally developed cities rapidly expanded as a result of urban sprawl. At the beginning of the 21st century European cities shifted from dedensification …