Family breakup dynamics in mammals can be complex due to competing interests between parents and offspring. Parents need to balance their own as well as their offspring's fitness through either terminating care early or extending care. Yet, males can disrupt this trade-off as they may force females to …

This report provides an overview of a literature study focused the conflict between polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and humans and gives an overview of measures that could reduce or avoid human-polar bear conflict (HPBC). The goal of this study is to provide an insight into which measures are most successful …

Despite the polar bears’ long history of high popularity in zoo settings, many studies indicate that this wide-ranging species expresses many abnormal repetitive behaviours in captivity, such as stereotypic walking, head swinging and repetitive swimming bouts. This is also the case in the male polar …