Hard coastal defences along the Dutch–Belgian North Sea coast are nearing the end of their design life and carry significant ecological costs. Salt marsh Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) provide a self-sustaining alternative. However, existing asset-management (AM) standards continue to view them as "nice-to-have" …

Due to environmental protection efforts, there is a growing number of beavers in the Netherlands. As these animals make their burrows in the levee system they cause damage within it, increasing the risk of flooding. This paper assesses the factors which increase the risk of beaver activity within the …