This work presents an experimental holistic approach for the design of a continuous catalytic conversion process of carbohydrates derived from waste biomass to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) using a tin-doped active carbon catalyst. In this report, apple biomass waste is used as a model component as …

In this article, we review the recent progress that has been made in the field of Lewis-acid catalysis of carbon carbon-bond-forming reactions in aqueous solution. Since water hampers the hard hard interactions between the catalyst and the reactant, it often complicates catalysis. However, once coordination …