Urbanisation and climate change intensify urban heat stress, threatening public health, urban liveability, and equity (IPCC, 2022; Ebi et al., 2021; Böcker & Thorsson, 2014). Vulnerable populations—such as those with limited mobility, low incomes, or health conditions increasing heat stress susceptibility—bear …

The liveability of cities worldwide is under threat by the predicted increase in intensity and frequency of heatwaves and the absence of a clear spatial overview of where action to address this. Heat stress impairs vital urban functions (Böcker and Thorsson 2014), hits the local economy (Evers et al. …