Samenvatting

Introduction
The research group of the Hogeschool Zeeland has set up a consortium to develop new knowledge about cascading effects in critical infrastructure in the event of a flooding; as well as measures in pro- action, response and recovery phases to help the involved professionals increase the resilience of society. The municipality of Reimerswaal is indicated as research area, because it is a relative narrow piece of land containing a large variety of critical infrastructure (CI). The Resilient Deltas research group needs to have a better overview of the crisis management plans of the CI sectors in order to develop new knowledge about cascading effect in the CI sectors.

The goal of this research is gain knowledge and insight of how crisis management is organised in CI sectors and governmental institutions in relation to cascading effect, in the municipality of Reimerswaal. The crisis documents must be analysed throughout documentation research and interviewing the responsible experts of the CI sector. This shows how well CI sectors organised their crisis management plans and if cascading effects are incorporated in the crisis plans. The crisis management plans can give an indication how well resilient a sector is against sudden disruptions and cascading effects in their system.

Results
The regional risk profile forms the basis for preparation of crisis management within the Veiligheidsregio Zeeland (VRZ). The goal of the regional risk profile is to prevent risks, but if the risks are escalating, limiting the risk as much as possible. In total, it is about 23 multi-disciplinary plan figures including 14 disaster control plans for companies. The VRZ made an incident or risk map where all risky locations and vulnerable objects are put into. The risks are put into seven themes including the natural environment theme which includes a flooding crisis type. The risk map is taking into account three flooding probabilities within the VRZ. With this information, the VRZ makes a risk image of each individual municipality in the province of Zeeland. Municipalities like the municipality of Reimerswaal, have to implement and coordinate the plans on local scale. The municipality of Reimerswaal assumes the CI sectors keep their crisis management plans up to date.
Water board Scheldestromen has six separate crisis plans regarding their broad amount of tasks, however the plans taken in conjunction with the overall crisis plan of Scheldestromen. The overall crisis plan is the general crisis plan of the water board including the general crisis structure and measures during a crisis.
Evides develops a delivery plan based on disruption risk analyse. The analyse takes around fifty different scenario’s into account, including a flooding scenario.
Enduris has another approach considering risks compared with the other sectors, called asset management. Crisis management is included in the asset strategy of Enduris and includes a flooding scenario.

Crisis measures, such as scenario planning, crisis communication, information management, Gecoordineerde Regionale Incidenten Procedure (GRIP), evaluation and covenants are represented in all the CI sectors and governmental institutions. The governmental institutions and CI sectors have similar crisis measures. Every sector has its own measures to react, response and recover to and from a crisis. The CI sectors and governmental institutions are the specialist in their own field and know what crisis measures are best.

A cascading failure is an indirect consequence of a flooding event. If the cascading effects are known, organisations can adapt their crisis management plans in order to deal with or limit the impacts of cascading effects. The identified measures against cascading effects in the studied sectors can be seen below.

Conclusion
This qualitative research concludes that the crisis management plans enhance the resilience of the critical infrastructure sectors and governmental institutions. The cascading effects of other critical structure sectors are identified and taken into account as much as possible.